@prefix rdf:	<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix dbpedia:	<http://dbpedia.org/resource/> .
@prefix opencyc:	<http://sw.opencyc.org/2008/06/10/concept/> .
dbpedia:Gnosticism	rdf:type	opencyc:Mx4r46fYpnaNEduAAAACs6hbjw ,
		opencyc:Mx4rvVjcrpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA .
@prefix owl:	<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
dbpedia:Gnosticism	owl:sameAs	<http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/guid.9202a8c04000641f800000000001a266> ,
		opencyc:Mx4rvVjEr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA .
@prefix foaf:	<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix ns5:	<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/> .
dbpedia:Gnosticism	foaf:page	ns5:Gnosticism .
@prefix dbpprop:	<http://dbpedia.org/property/> .
dbpedia:Gnosticism	dbpprop:reference	<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm> ,
		<http://www.gnosiskultur.de> ,
		<http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism> ,
		<http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm> ,
		<http://www.theandros.com/pregnostic.html> ,
		<http://www.gnosis.org/library.html> ,
		<http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm> ,
		<http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm> ,
		<http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html> ,
		<http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html> .
@prefix rdfs:	<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
dbpedia:Gnosticism	rdfs:label	"Gnosis"@de ,
		"\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u4E3B\u7FA9"@ja ,
		"Gnosticism"@ro ,
		"Gnosticismus"@cs ,
		"Gnostycyzm"@pl ,
		"Gnosticism"@en ,
		"Gnostilaisuus"@fi ,
		"Gnosticisme"@ca ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C"@ru ,
		"Gnosticisme"@fr ,
		"Gnosticismo"@pt ,
		"Gnosticismo"@es ,
		"Gnoszticizmus"@hu ,
		"Gnosticisme"@nl ,
		"\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9"@zh ,
		"Gnosticism"@sv ,
		"Gnosticismo"@it ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C"@uk ,
		"Gnostisizm"@tr ,
		"Gnostisisme"@no ;
	dbpprop:abstract	"\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u3057\u3085\u304E\u3001\u72EC&#58; Gnostizismus\u3001\u82F1&#58; Gnosticism\uFF09\u307E\u305F\u306F\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\uFF08\u53E4\u5E0C&#58; \u0393\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2\u3001\u30E9\u30C6\u30F3\u6587\u5B57\u8EE2\u5199\uFF1AGnosis\uFF09\u306F\u30011\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u751F\u307E\u308C\u30013\u4E16\u7D00\u304B\u30894\u4E16\u7D00\u306B\u304B\u3051\u3066\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u4E16\u754C\u3067\u52E2\u529B\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305F\u53E4\u4EE3\u306E\u5B97\u6559\u30FB\u601D\u60F3\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u7269\u8CEA\u3068\u970A\u306E\u4E8C\u5143\u8AD6\u306B\u7279\u5FB4\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\u666E\u901A\u540D\u8A5E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306E\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u306F\u53E4\u4EE3\u30AE\u30EA\u30B7\u30A2\u8A9E\u3067\u8A8D\u8B58\u30FB\u77E5\u8B58\u3092\u610F\u5473\u3059\u308B\u8A00\u8449\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306F\u81EA\u5DF1\u306E\u672C\u8CEA\u3068\u771F\u306E\u795E\u306B\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306E\u8A8D\u8B58\u306B\u5230\u9054\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6C42\u3081\u308B\u601D\u60F3\u50BE\u5411\u3092\u6709\u3059\u308B\u3002 \u307E\u305F\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u4E3B\u7FA9\u306F\u3001\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u4E16\u754C\u3092\u4E2D\u5FC3\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3082\u306E\u4EE5\u5916\u306B\u30A4\u30E9\u30F3\u3084\u30E1\u30BD\u30DD\u30BF\u30DF\u30A2\u306B\u672C\u62E0\u3092\u7F6E\u304F\u3082\u306E\u304C\u3042\u308A\u3001\u30D8\u30EC\u30CB\u30BA\u30E0\u306B\u3088\u308B\u6771\u897F\u6587\u5316\u306E\u30B7\u30E5\u30F3\u30AF\u30EC\u30C6\u30A3\u30BA\u30E0\u306E\u306A\u304B\u304B\u3089\u751F\u307E\u308C\u3066\u304D\u305F\u3082\u306E\u3068\u3082\u4E91\u3048\u308B\u3002\u4EE3\u8868\u7684\u306A\u30B0\u30CE\u30FC\u30B7\u30B9\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5B97\u6559\u306F\u30DE\u30CB\u6559\u3067\u3042\u308B\u304C\u3001\u30DE\u30CB\u6559\u306E\u5834\u5408\u306F\u7D00\u514315\u4E16\u7D00\u307E\u3067\u4E2D\u56FD\u3067\u5B58\u7D9A\u3057\u305F\u3053\u3068\u304C\u78BA\u8A8D\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002"@ja ,
		"De term gnosticisme (soms ook wel gnostiek genoemd) is etymologisch afkomstig van het Griekse woord voor kennis, gnosis . Gnosis duidt op mystieke, geheime (in de betekenis van verborgen) kennis. Gnosticisme is een verzamelnaam voor een brede waaier aan mystiek-religieuze stromingen die stammen van voor het begin van de huidige jaartelling en een bloei kenden in de 2e en 3e eeuw. Vanwege zijn occulte (geheime) karakter is het moeilijk een duidelijk beeld te krijgen van het gnosticisme. De hedendaagse kennis over de leringen uit het gnosticisme bestaat overwegend uit gevonden teksten van stromingen, die ontstonden uit de confrontatie met het christendom en daarom tot de gnostiek gerekend worden. Het meeste materiaal bestaat daarnaast uit geschriften van uiteenlopende christelijke auteurs, die de opvattingen uit het gnosticisme aanvielen. De term wordt heden ten dage ook wel gebruikt voor en door sommige esoterische bewegingen."@nl ,
		"Gnosis (von altgr. gn\u014Dsis \u03B3\u03BD\u1FF6\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 \u201AKenntnis\u2018) oder Gnostizismus (latinisierte Form des griechischen gnostikismos \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2) bezeichnet als religionswissenschaftlicher Begriff verschiedene religi\u00F6se Lehren und Gruppierungen des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts, teils auch fr\u00FCherer Vorl\u00E4ufer. Der Ausdruck wird auch f\u00FCr verschiedene Konstellationen verwendet, die in wirkungsgeschichtlichem Zusammenhang mit diesen Gruppierungen stehen oder in den vertretenen Lehren \u00C4hnlichkeiten aufweisen."@de ,
		"Lo gnosticismo \u00E8 un movimento filosofico-religioso, molto articolato, la cui massima diffusione si ebbe nel II e III secolo dell'era cristiana. Il termine gnosticismo deriva dalla parola greca gn\u00F3sis (\u03B3\u03BD\u1FF6\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2), \u00ABconoscenza\u00BB. Una definizione piuttosto parziale del movimento basata sull'etimologia della parola pu\u00F2 essere: \"dottrina della salvezza tramite la conoscenza\". Mentre il giudaismo sostiene che l'anima raggiunge la salvezza attraverso l'osservanza delle 613 mitzv\u00F2t e il cristianesimo sostiene che l'anima raggiunge la salvezza attraverso la fede, le opere e la Grazia, per lo gnosticismo la salvezza dell'anima pu\u00F2 derivare soltanto dal possesso di una conoscenza quasi intuitiva dei misteri dell'universo e dal possesso di formule magiche indicative di quella conoscenza. Gli gnostici erano \"persone che sapevano\", e la loro conoscenza li costituiva in una classe di esseri superiori, il cui status presente e futuro era sostanzialmente diverso da quello di coloro che, per qualsiasi ragione, non sapevano. Una definizione pi\u00F9 completa di gnosticismo potrebbe essere: \"nome collettivo indicante un gran numero di sette panteistico - idealistiche fortemente diverse tra loro che sorsero da poco prima dell'Era cristiana al V secolo e che, prendendo in prestito la fraseologia ed alcuni dei dogmi delle principali religioni contemporanee, specialmente del cristianesimo, sostenevano che la materia fosse un deterioramento dello spirito e l'intero universo una depravazione della Divinit\u00E0, ed insegnavano che il fine ultimo di ogni essere era il superamento della bassezza della materia ed il ritorno allo spirito Genitore, tale ritorno, sostenevano, era stato facilitato dall'apparizione di alcuni Salvatori inviati da Dio. \" Per quanto insoddisfacente possa sembrare questa definizione, l'oscurit\u00E0, la molteplicit\u00E0, e la confusione dei sistemi gnostici permette difficilmente di formularne un'altra. Tratto comune per molte correnti gnostiche \u00E8 la distinzione che essi operavano tra il vero Dio inconoscibile e il Dio ebraico Yahweh (anche noto come Yaldabaoth, Samael, e Demiurgo), fondamentalmente dipinto come malvagio, cosicch\u00E9 disprezzavano le sue leggi e l'universo materiale da lui creato per imprigionare le anime degli uomini."@it ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E-\u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0443 2-3 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F\u0445, \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0456 \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0434\u0438."@uk ,
		"El Gnosticisme es un conjunt de corrents sincr\u00E8tiques filos\u00F2ficoreligioses que imit\u00E0 el cristianisme en els tres primers segles de la nostra era, convertint-se finalment en un pensament declarat her\u00E8tic despr\u00E9s d'una etapa de cert prestigi entre els intel\u00B7lectuals cristians. Es pot parlar d'un gnosticisme pag\u00E0 i d'un gnosticisme cristi\u00E0, encara que el m\u00E9s significatiu pensament gn\u00F2stic s'assol\u00EDs com una branca heterodoxa del cristianisme primitiu."@ca ,
		"Gnostisisme er en samlebetegnelse p\u00E5 en gruppe religi\u00F8se bevegelser som blomstret fra sen-hellenismen til tidlig middelalder. Betegnelsen kommer fra gresk, gnosis, som betyr kunnskap, eller innsikt. Men det er ikke den samme type kunnskap som oppn\u00E5s ved hjelp av fornuft og filosofering (gresk epist\u00E9m\u00E9, kunnskap), eller bruk av sansene. Gnosis vil si \u00E5 f\u00E5 kunnskap om tingenes og verdens orden, menneskets natur og frelsesvei, via en personlig opplevd \u00E5penbaring, en direkte, \u00ABumediert\u00BB innsikt."@no ,
		"Gnosticismul, se refer\u0103 la diverse mi\u015Fc\u0103ri religioase sincretice, const\u00E2nd in variate sisteme de credin\u0163e, generalizat unite \u00EEn \u00EEnv\u0103\u0163\u0103tura c\u0103 oamenii sunt suflete divine \u00EEnchise \u00EEntr-o lume material\u0103, creat\u0103 de un Dumnezeu imperfect, Demiurgul, care este frecvent identificat cu Dumnezeul lui Avram. Demiurgul poate fi descris ca o \u00EEncorporare a r\u0103ului, sau \u00EEn alte instan\u0163e la fel de imperfect \u015Fi binevoitor at\u00E2t c\u00E2t insuficien\u0163a lui permite. Acest Demiurg exist\u0103 al\u0103turi de alt\u0103 Fiin\u0163\u0103 Suprem\u0103 \u00EEndep\u0103rtat\u0103 si incognoscibil\u0103 ce \u00EEncorporeaz\u0103 binele. Pentru a se elibera de lumea inferioar\u0103 material\u0103, este nevoie de gnostic, sau cunoastere ezoterica spiritual\u0103 disponibil\u0103 prin experien\u0163\u0103 direct\u0103 sau cunoa\u015Ftere (gnostic) a acestui incognoscibil Dumnezeu. Printre sectele gnosticismului, totu\u015Fi, numai pneumatici sau spiritualii ob\u0163in gnoz\u0103, materiali\u015Ftii, de\u015Fi oameni, sunt condamna\u0163i. Iisus din Nazaret este identificat de unele secte gnostice ca o \u00EEncorporare a Fiin\u0163ei Supreme ce s-a \u00EEncarnat pentru a aduce cunoa\u015Fterea pe p\u0103m\u00E2nt. \u00CEn altele (de ex. Nazarenienii \u015Fi Mandeenii) El este considerat un \u201Cm\u0161iha kdaba\u201D (Messia fals) ce a distorsionat \u00EEnv\u0103\u0163\u0103turile \u00EEncredin\u0163ate de Ioan Botez\u0103torul. Pe c\u00E2nd \u00EEnainte Gnosticismul era considerat majoritar o corup\u0163ie a Cre\u015Ftinismului, acum este clar ca urme ale sistemelor gnostice pot fi distinse cateva secole \u00EEnainte de Era Cre\u015Ftin\u0103. Gnosticismul a fost interzis \u00EEnc\u0103 din primul secol, astfel l-a precedat pe Iisus Hristos. Al\u0103turi de Gnosticismul Mediteraneean \u015Fi Orientului Mijlociu \u00EEnainte si dup\u0103 secolele al doilea \u015Fi al treilea, Gnosticismul devenea o erezie dualistic\u0103 credin\u0163ei Iudaice (vezi Nazarenienii), Cre\u015Ftinismului \u015Fi filozofiei Helenice \u00EEn zonele controlate de Imperiul Roman, go\u0163ii ariani\u015Fti (vezi Huneric), \u015Fi Imperiul Persan. Conversia la Islam \u015Fi Cruciada Albigensian\u0103 (1209-1229) a redus drastic num\u0103rul gnosticilor din toat\u0103 perioada Evului Mediu, de\u015Fi c\u00E2teva comunita\u0163i izolate continu\u0103 s\u0103 existe p\u00E2n\u0103 \u00EEn prezent. Ideile gnostice deveneau influente \u00EEn filozofiile unor variate mi\u015Fc\u0103ri ezoterice \u015Fi mistice spre sf\u0103r\u015Fitul secolelor 19 \u015Fi 20 \u00EEn Europa \u015Fi America de Nord, incluz\u00E2nd pe unele care \u00EEn mod explicit se identific\u0103 ca o rena\u015Ftere sau chiar continu\u0103ri ale grupurilor gnostice timpurii."@ro ,
		"Gnostycyzm (z gr. \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 gnostikos \"dotycz\u0105cy wiedzy, s\u0142u\u017C\u0105cy poznaniu\") \u2013 doktryny i ruchy religijne powsta\u0142e w I i II w. na wschodzie cesarstwa rzymskiego, g\u0142. w Syrii i Egipcie, b\u0119d\u0105ce kontynuacj\u0105 gnozy, dualistyczne i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce elementy chrze\u015Bcija\u0144stwa z grecko-egipskim hermetyzmem. Gnoza oznacza wiedz\u0119, kt\u00F3ra ma cz\u0142owiekowi przynie\u015B\u0107 wyzwolenie i zbawienie. Wiedza ta jest pochodzenia boskiego. Nie mo\u017Ce ona by\u0107 przekazana cz\u0142owiekowi przez nauczycieli lub teksty, a jedynie poprzez bezpo\u015Bredni kontakt z bosko\u015Bci\u0105. W gnozie zawarta jest pewna wizja rzeczywisto\u015Bci, w tym Boga, powstania niebios i \u015Bwiata, cz\u0142owieka i zbawienia. Nie da si\u0119 ona do ko\u0144ca sprowadzi\u0107 do synkretycznej mieszanki, cho\u0107 oczywi\u015Bcie wiele zawartych w niej element\u00F3w ma swoje odniesienie do innych religii, a tak\u017Ce do filozofii greckiej. Gnostycki obraz ca\u0142o\u015Bci \u015Bwiata obejmuje ziemi\u0119 zamieszkan\u0105 przez ludzi, 7 sfer niebios i r\u00F3\u017Cnego rodzaju b\u00F3stwa. W odr\u00F3\u017Cnieniu od greckiej wizji bytu jako \u0142adu (kosmos), gnostycy prezentuj\u0105 skrajny antykosmizm. \u015Awiat ich zdaniem jest chaotyczny, nieuporz\u0105dkowany i z\u0142y, nie mo\u017Ce wi\u0119c pochodzi\u0107 od dobrego Boga \u2013 jego autorem jest zatem z\u0142y b\u00F3g (b\u00F3stwo). Niekt\u00F3rzy gnostycy uwa\u017Cali, \u017Ce \u015Bwiat pochodzi od anio\u0142\u00F3w ostatniego nieba, kt\u00F3rego kr\u00F3lem jest Jahwe, B\u00F3g \u017Cydowski; inni z\u0142ego Boga nazywali Jaldabaoth; kieruje si\u0119 on w swoim dzia\u0142aniu gniewem i pych\u0105; to przez niego \u015Bwiat jest z\u0142y, bo jako demiurg uczyni\u0142 dzie\u0142o niedoskona\u0142e. Gnoza przepojona jest wizj\u0105 walki bog\u00F3w. Gnostyk Saturninus uwa\u017Ca\u0142, \u017Ce Chrystus Zbawca po to przyszed\u0142, aby pokona\u0107 Boga Starego Testamentu. \u015Awiat, pochodz\u0105c od b\u00F3stw ni\u017Cszej sfery niebieskiej, nie zosta\u0142 stworzony z niczego, lecz z preegzystuj\u0105cej materii. Gnostycy nie uznaj\u0105 zmartwychwstania cia\u0142, g\u0142osz\u0105 teori\u0119 metempsychozy, czyli w\u0119dr\u00F3wki dusz. Obok antykosmizmu w ich pogl\u0105dach obecny by\u0142 antysomatyzm, czyli negatywny stosunek do cia\u0142a uznawanego za \u017Ar\u00F3d\u0142o z\u0142a i w konsekwencji antyseksualizm; stanowi to zradykalizowan\u0105 form\u0119 my\u015Bli orfickiej, pod kt\u00F3rej wp\u0142ywem byli pitagorejczycy i Platon, g\u0142osz\u0105cej, \u017Ce cia\u0142o jest wi\u0119zieniem dla duszy. W mitologii gnostyckiej pojawia si\u0119 pogl\u0105d, \u017Ce cz\u0142owiek jest upad\u0142ym bogiem, a zwi\u0105zek z cia\u0142em wzi\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 st\u0105d, \u017Ce dusza wskutek pragnienia rozkoszy upad\u0142a na ziemi\u0119. Wobec faktu, \u017Ce cia\u0142o jest czym\u015B z\u0142ym i b\u00F3g, od kt\u00F3rego pochodzi z\u0142y \u015Bwiat, jest tak\u017Ce z\u0142y, cz\u0142owiek \u2013 zdaniem gnostyk\u00F3w \u2013 stoi w obliczu absurdu. Jedyn\u0105 drog\u0105 do zbawienia jest zdobycie tajemnej wiedzy (gnosis); posiada j\u0105 wybraniec Bo\u017Cy, a wi\u0119c kto\u015B, kto pozostaje w \u0142\u0105czno\u015Bci z Bezimiennym Bogiem. Gnoza przynosi cz\u0142owiekowi wewn\u0119trzne rozpoznanie sieci biologicznych, socjologicznych i kosmologicznych uwarunkowa\u0144 w kt\u00F3rej \u017Cyje, iluzji \"ja\" nap\u0119dzanej poprzez identyfikacj\u0119 z ze \u015Bwiatem materii. Gnoza jest tak\u017Ce postrzegana jako si\u0142a umo\u017Cliwiaj\u0105ca wyrwanie si\u0119 z tej sieci. Zgodnie z ustaleniami przyj\u0119tymi na konferencji w Messynie gnoza to wiedza o boskich tajemnicach przeznaczona dla wybranych, natomiast gnostycyzm to grupa system\u00F3w II wieku po Chrystusie, kt\u00F3re g\u0142osi\u0142y, \u017Ce w cz\u0142owieku jest iskra Bo\u017Ca pochodz\u0105ca ze \u015Bwiata Bo\u017Cego; iskra ta spad\u0142a na \u015Bwiat i ma powr\u00F3ci\u0107 z powrotem do Boga, aby z Nim si\u0119 zintegrowa\u0107. W gnostyku jest jedno\u015B\u0107 i to\u017Csamo\u015B\u0107 ja\u017Ani, iskry Bo\u017Cej, boskiej rzeczywisto\u015Bci i poznania. Wobec chaosu i absurdu \u015Bwiata gnoza ma by\u0107 jedyn\u0105 drog\u0105 wyzwolenia. Gnostycy uznawali za natchnione r\u00F3\u017Cne pisma p\u00F3\u017Anochrze\u015Bcija\u0144skie, kt\u00F3re teologia katolicka zalicza do apokryf\u00F3w, dokonuj\u0105c ich alegorycznej interpretacji, na podstawie kt\u00F3rych powstawa\u0142y utwory o przekazie typowo gnostyckim, jak np. : Ewangelia Judasza Ewangelia Tomasza Ewangelia Filipa Ewangelia Marii Magdaleny Ewangelia Egipcjan Ewangelia Prawdy Ewangelia Dzieci\u0144stwa Jezusa Ewangelia Jezusa Chrystusa Dzieje Tomasza Apokalipsa Paw\u0142a Apokalipsa Piotra Trzy pierwsze ewangelie \u0142\u0105cz\u0105 si\u0119 bardziej \u015Bci\u015Ble z tradycj\u0105 synoptyk\u00F3w, m. in. poprzez nawi\u0105zanie do wydarze\u0144 z \u017Cycia Chrystusa, co jest t\u0142em dla tre\u015Bci gnostyckich."@pl ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C (\u043E\u0442 \u0434\u0440. -\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u03B3\u03BD\u03CE\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2, \u00AB\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435\u00BB)\u00A0\u2014 \u044D\u043A\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043E\u0437\u043D\u043E-\u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u0434\u043D\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043D\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044B\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043F\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0438 \u043E\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043E\u0441\u044F \u0445\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0430\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u043C\u0438\u0444\u043E-\u0444\u0438\u043B\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0444\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u044D\u043B\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0444\u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043E\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F\u043C\u0438 \u0438\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430, \u0437\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043C\u0430, \u0432\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u043C\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043A\u0443\u043B\u044C\u0442\u043E\u0432."@ru ,
		"A R\u00F3mai Birodalomban hamar t\u00E1mogatott\u00E1, majd \u00E1llamvall\u00E1ss\u00E1 v\u00E1lt korai kereszt\u00E9nys\u00E9g egyik legnagyobb ellenfel\u00E9nek tartotta a *manicheizmust, mely vall\u00E1s a Mediterr\u00E1neumt\u00F3l K\u00EDn\u00E1ig, a 3. sz\u00E1zadt\u00F3l a 18. sz\u00E1zadig \u00E9l\u0151 vall\u00E1si mozgalom volt, annak ellen\u00E9re, hogy eg\u00E9sz t\u00F6rt\u00E9nelme sor\u00E1n (m\u00E1r a keletkez\u00E9si hely\u00E9t\u0151l, Perzsi\u00E1t\u00F3l kezdve) t\u0171zzel-vassal irtott\u00E1k. Ellenp\u00E9ldak\u00E9nt az Ujgur Birodalomban \u00E1llamvall\u00E1s szerep\u00E9t t\u00F6lt\u00F6tte be. Az eur\u00F3pai k\u00F6z\u00E9pkorban v\u00E9gig az egyik legnagyobb, az egyh\u00E1z hatalma miatt gyakorlatilag hal\u00E1los v\u00E1d volt, ha valakire r\u00E1fogt\u00E1k: gnosztikus, manicheus. A D\u00E9l-Franciaorsz\u00E1gban a 11. sz\u00E1zadban kialakult kath\u00E1r (Albi v\u00E1ros\u00E1r\u00F3l albigensnek is nevezett) mozgalmat is a manicheizmus k\u00E9sei \u00E1g\u00E1nak tartott\u00E1k. A t\u0171zzel-vassal irt\u00E1s itt is bek\u00F6vetkezett: az egyetlen Eur\u00F3p\u00E1n bel\u00FCli c\u00E9lt kit\u0171z\u0151 keresztesh\u00E1bor\u00FAt a kath\u00E1rok ellen ind\u00EDtotta III. Ince p\u00E1pa 1209-ben. A h\u00FAsz \u00E9vig tart\u00F3 h\u00E1bor\u00FA m\u00E9ly nyomokat hagyott D\u00E9l-Franciaorsz\u00E1gban. Egyes v\u00E9lem\u00E9nyek szerint az akkor ott kibontakoz\u00F3 el\u0151renesz\u00E1nsznak is v\u00E9get vetett. A kath\u00E1r mozgalom hat\u00E1sainak felsz\u00E1mol\u00E1s\u00E1ra hozt\u00E1k l\u00E9tre az \"Isten kuty\u00E1inak\" cs\u00FAfolt dominik\u00E1nus rend \u00E1ltal vezetett Inkviz\u00EDci\u00F3t. \u00C9rdekess\u00E9g, hogy az Inkviz\u00EDci\u00F3 megalap\u00EDt\u00E1sa idej\u00E9n az \"Isten kisebb testv\u00E9reinek\" is nevezett ferences rend \u00E9s a dominik\u00E1nusok harcoltak egym\u00E1s ellen annak vezet\u00E9s\u00E9\u00E9rt. Kev\u00E9s forr\u00E1s \u00E9lte t\u00FAl az \u00F3kori mozgalom \u00FCld\u00F6ztet\u00E9s\u00E9t. Ilyen p\u00E9ld\u00E1ul az 1997-ben nyilv\u00E1noss\u00E1gra hozott \"J\u00FAd\u00E1s evang\u00E9liuma\", amely kor\u00E1nak akci\u00F3filmjek\u00E9nt J\u00FAd\u00E1st \u00E1ll\u00EDtja be az igaz tud\u00E1st v\u00E9d\u0151 elkeseredett h\u0151snek, J\u00E9zust pedig hasonl\u00F3an esend\u0151 ellenfel\u00E9nek. (Az evang\u00E9lium megnevez\u00E9s t\u00E9ves, ugyanis nincsen benne a felt\u00E1mad\u00E1s. ) Sok\u00E1ig a legt\u00F6bbet a vitairatokb\u00F3l lehetett megtudni, melyekben az egyh\u00E1zaty\u00E1k t\u00E1madt\u00E1k a gnosztikus tanokat, \u00E1m ezek a forr\u00E1sok az elfogults\u00E1g miatt a legkisebb m\u00E9rt\u00E9kben sem tekinthet\u0151k hitelesnek. M\u00E1sik fontos forr\u00E1s a k\u00EDnai buddhista k\u00E1non, melynek utols\u00F3 k\u00F6tet\u00E9ben tal\u00E1lhat\u00F3k k\u00EDnaira ford\u00EDtott manicheus sz\u00F6vegek. Jap\u00E1nban rendszeresen kiadott Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo-ban mindig benne van, az on-line kiad\u00E1sban is kereshet\u0151, illetve a k\u00EDnai Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association (CBETA) weboldal\u00E1n is el\u00E9rhet\u0151. A modern vil\u00E1g a szabad gondolkod\u00E1s mellett meghozta a forr\u00E1sok szabad hozz\u00E1f\u00E9rhet\u0151s\u00E9g\u00E9t is, \u00EDgy az interneten el\u00E9rhet\u0151 a THE GNOSTIC SOCIETY LIBRARY weboldala, melyen igen sok gnosztikus sz\u00F6veg, sz\u00F6vegt\u00F6red\u00E9k olvashat\u00F3 angol ford\u00EDt\u00E1sban."@hu ,
		"Gnosticism \u00E4r ingen sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndig religion, utan en mystisk, andlig id\u00E9str\u00F6mning med m\u00E5ngtusen\u00E5riga anor. Den kristna gnosticismen \u2013 som n\u00E5dde sin h\u00F6jdpunkt under \u00E5ren 60 \u2013 160 e. Kr. d\u00E5 ett stort antal sekter skapade egna, starkt avvikande, tolkningar av den kristna l\u00E4ran \u2013 hade r\u00F6tter i judisk, persisk och hellenistisk mystik. Gnosticismen har beskrivits som en elitistisk religi\u00F6s filosofi eftersom anh\u00E4ngarna menade att de satt p\u00E5 en exklusiv kunskap som var vida \u00F6verl\u00E4gsen det som kyrkan l\u00E4rde ut. \u00C5terl\u00F6sningen eller frisl\u00E4ppandet av en m\u00E4nniskas sj\u00E4l beror p\u00E5 hennes andliga insikt eller kunskap. Den katolska kyrkan gick segrande ur konflikterna med de gnostiska sekterna, och f\u00F6rf\u00F6ljde och tillintetgjorde \u00E4ven r\u00F6relser som \u00E5beropade sig p\u00E5 den ursprungliga kristna gnosticimen: manikeismen p\u00E5 200-talet, och under 1300- och 1400-talen bogomilerna i det bysantinska riket respektive katarerna i s\u00F6dra Frankrike. De gnostiska l\u00E4rorna har emellertid f\u00E5tt en ren\u00E4ssans sedan fynden av gnostiska originaltexter \u00E5r 1945 i Nag Hammadi har b\u00F6rjat publiceras."@sv ,
		"Gnostisizm, eski M\u0131s\u0131r ezoterizmini, eski Yunan ezoterizmini (Platon, Pisagor),eski mistik \u0130brani geleneklerini, Zerd\u00FC\u015Ft\u00E7\u00FCl\u00FC\u011F\u00FC, baz\u0131 Do\u011Fu geleneklerini ve dinlerini, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011F\u0131 eklektik bir tutumla sentezleyen, bir\u00E7ok tarikat\u0131n benimsedi\u011Fi mistik felsefeye verilen genel add\u0131r. Terim, eski Yunanca\u2019daki \u201Csezgi veya tefekk\u00FCr yoluyla edinilebilen bilgi\u201D anlam\u0131ndaki \u201Cgnosis\u201D s\u00F6zc\u00FC\u011F\u00FCnden t\u00FCretilmi\u015Ftir. (Gnosis \u00FC\u00E7 bilgi t\u00FCr\u00FCnden biridir. Di\u011Ferleri, \u00F6\u011Frenimle \u00F6\u011Frenilebilir bilgi \u201Cmathesis\u201D ve ancak \u0131st\u0131rap \u00E7ekerek \u00F6\u011Frenilebilen bilgi \u201Cpathesis\u201Dtir. ) Eski Yunan ezoterizmine g\u00F6re nas\u0131l \u0131st\u0131rap yoluyla ula\u015F\u0131labilecek bilgiye \u00F6\u011Frenim ve sezgi yoluyla ula\u015F\u0131lamazsa, sezgi yoluyla \u00F6\u011Frenilebilecek bilgiye (gnosis) de ne \u0131st\u0131rap yoluyla ne \u00F6\u011Frenim yoluyla ula\u015F\u0131labilir. Bu y\u00FCzden kimileri gnostisizmi \"'sezgi' yoluyla al\u0131nan 'bilgiyle kurtulu\u015F \u00F6\u011Fretisi'\" olarak tan\u0131mlar."@tr ,
		"El gnosticismo es un conjunto de corrientes sincr\u00E9ticas filos\u00F3fico-religiosas que llegaron a mimetizarse con el cristianismo en los tres primeros siglos de nuestra era, convirti\u00E9ndose finalmente en un pensamiento declarado her\u00E9tico despu\u00E9s de una etapa de cierto prestigio entre los intelectuales cristianos. En efecto, puede hablarse de un gnosticismo pagano y de un gnosticismo cristiano, aunque el m\u00E1s significativo pensamiento gn\u00F3stico se alcanz\u00F3 como rama heterodoxa del cristianismo primitivo. El t\u00E9rmino proviene del griego \u0393\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u00F3\u03C2 (gnostikism\u00F3s); de \u0393\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 (gnosis): \u2018conocimiento\u2019."@es ,
		"Le gnosticisme est un mouvement religieux regroupant des doctrines vari\u00E9es du bassin m\u00E9diterran\u00E9en et du Moyen-Orient qui se caract\u00E9risent g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement par la croyance que les hommes sont des \u00E2mes divines emprisonn\u00E9es dans un monde mat\u00E9riel cr\u00E9\u00E9 par un dieu mauvais ou imparfait appel\u00E9 le d\u00E9miurge. Le mouvement connut son apog\u00E9e au cours du II si\u00E8cle"@fr ,
		"Gnostilaisuus oli varsinkin 200- ja 300-luvuilla vaikuttanut synkretistinen uskonnollinen liike, jota esiintyi monien ajan uskontojen, muun muassa kristinuskon, yhteydess\u00E4 V\u00E4limeren alueelta Keski-Aasiaan saakka. Gnostilaisuudella viitataan yleens\u00E4 sellaisiin uskonnollisiin oppij\u00E4rjestelmiin ja myytteihin, joiden mukaan kaikkeus on pahan tai tiet\u00E4m\u00E4tt\u00F6m\u00E4n alemman luojajumalan luomus, ja pelastus viittaa pelastavaan tietoon ihmisen jumalallisesta alkuper\u00E4st\u00E4 ja sielun vapautumiseen ruumiin vankilasta. Sana \u201Dgnostilaisuus\u201D tulee kreikan sanasta \u201Dgnosis\u201D (\u03B3\u03BD\u03CE\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2), joka tarkoittaa suomeksi tietoa. Gnostilaiset k\u00E4sitykset perustuivat juutalaisuuteen, kreikkalaiseen filosofiaan, erityisesti platonismiin, sek\u00E4 varhaiseen kristinuskoon. Nykyisin gnostilaisuus n\u00E4hd\u00E4\u00E4n usein varhaisen kristinuskon kanssa kilpailleena uskontona, joka irtaantui kristinuskosta tai kehittyi sen rinnalla. Gnostilaisuuden synnyst\u00E4 ei kuitenkaan ole yht\u00E4 kaikkien hyv\u00E4ksym\u00E4\u00E4 teoriaa."@fi ,
		"Gnosticismo, tem por origem etimol\u00F3gica o termo grego \"gnosis\", que significa \"conhecimento\". Mas n\u00E3o um conhecimento racional, cient\u00EDfico, filos\u00F3fico, te\u00F3rico e emp\u00EDrico (a \"episteme\" dos gregos), mas de car\u00E1ter intuitivo e transcendental; Sabedoria. \u00C9 usada para designar um conhecimento profundo e superior do mundo e do homem, que d\u00E1 sentido \u00E0 vida humana, que a torna plena de significado porque permite o encontro do homem com sua ess\u00EAncia eterna, centelha divina, maravilhosa e cr\u00EDstica, pela via do cora\u00E7\u00E3o. \u00C9 uma realidade vivente sempre ativa, que apenas \u00E9 compreendida quando experimentada e vivenciada. Assim sendo jamais pode ser assimilada de forma abstrata, intelectual e discursiva. O Gnosticismo usa de explica\u00E7\u00F5es metaf\u00EDsicas e mitol\u00F3gicas para falar da cria\u00E7\u00E3o do universo e dos planos espirituais, mas nunca deixa de relacionar esse mundo externo e mitol\u00F3gico a processos internos que ocorrem no homem. Num texto herm\u00E9tico lemos que a gnosis da Mente \u00E9 a \"vis\u00E3o das coisas divinas\". G.R.S. Mead acrescenta que \"Gnosis n\u00E3o \u00E9 conhecimento sobre alguma coisa, mas comunh\u00E3o, co\u00ADnhecimento de\". Este \u00E9 o grande objetivo, conhecer \"Deus\", a Reali\u00ADdade em n\u00F3s. N\u00E3o \u00E9 a cren\u00E7a, a f\u00E9 ou o simples conhecimento o que importa. O fundamental \u00E9 a comunh\u00E3o interior, o religar da Mente individual com a Mente universal, a capacidade do homem \"transcender os limites da dualidade que faz dele homem e tornar-se uma consci\u00EAncia divina\". Gnosticismo designa o movimento que originou-se provavelmente na \u00C1sia menor, e tem como base as filosofias pag\u00E3s, que floresciam na Babil\u00F4nia, Egito, S\u00EDria e Gr\u00E9cia. O gnosticismo combinava alguns elementos da Astrologia e mist\u00E9rios das religi\u00F5es gregas, mist\u00E9rios de El\u00EAusis, bem como os do Hermetismo, com as doutrinas do Cristianismo e do Sufismo. Em seu sentido mais abrangente, o Gnosticismo significa \"a cren\u00E7a na Salva\u00E7\u00E3o pelo Conhecimento\" (Joan O'Grady). A manifesta\u00E7\u00E3o hist\u00F3rica dessa Sabedoria, floresceu especialmen\u00ADte entre os s\u00E9culos I a.C. e II d.C. Apresentou-se como Gnose Herm\u00E9tica ou Gnose Crist\u00E3 e \"pode-se aprender muito comparando-se os gn\u00F3sticos herm\u00E9ticos com os gn\u00F3sticos crist\u00E3os\", por\u00E9m s\u00E3o fragmentos da genu\u00EDna Gnosis \"ela \u00E9 a \u00FAnica salva\u00E7\u00E3o para o homem, a Gnosis de Deus\". A posse da Gnosis significa a habilidade para receber e compreender a revela\u00E7\u00E3o. O verdadeiro Gn\u00F3stico \u00E9 aquele que conhece a revela\u00E7\u00E3o interior ou oculta desvelada e que tamb\u00E9m compreende a revela\u00E7\u00E3o exterior ou p\u00FAblica velada. Ele n\u00E3o \u00E9 algu\u00E9m que descobriu a verdade a seu respeito por meio de sua pr\u00F3pria desamparada reflex\u00E3o, mas algu\u00E9m para quem as manifesta\u00E7\u00F5es do mundo interior s\u00E3o mostradas e tornaram-se intelig\u00EDveis. O in\u00EDcio da Perfei\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E9 a Gnosis do Homem, por\u00E9m a Gnosis de Deus \u00E9 a Perfei\u00E7\u00E3o aperfei\u00E7oada. \"Aperfei\u00E7oamento\" \u00E9 um termo t\u00E9cnico para o desenvolvimento na Gnosis, sendo o Gn\u00F3stico realizado conhecido como o \"perfeito\", \"parfait\". A entrada na senda da Gnosis \u00E9 chamada 'voltar para casa'. Como vimos, \u00E9 um retorno, um virar as costas ao mundo, um arrependimento de toda natureza: \"Devemos nos voltar para o velho, velho caminho\". \"Gnosis sobre quem \u00E9ramos e no que nos tornamos; onde est\u00E1vamos e onde viemos parar; para onde nos dirigimos e onde somos redimidos; o que \u00E9 a gera\u00E7\u00E3o, e o que \u00E9 a regenera\u00E7\u00E3o\". (Extratos de Theodotus) Ingressar na Gnosis \u00E9 um despertar do sono e da ignor\u00E2ncia de Deus, da embriaguez do mundo para a temperan\u00E7a virtuosa. \"Pois o mal [ilus\u00E3o] do n\u00E3o conhecimento est\u00E1 inundando toda a terra e trazendo total ru\u00EDna \u00E0 alma aprisionada dentro do corpo, impedindo-a de navegar para os portos da salva\u00E7\u00E3o.\""@pt ,
		"Gnosticismus \u010Di gn\u00F3ze (z \u0159eck\u00E9ho \u03B3\u03BD\u03CE\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 - pozn\u00E1n\u00ED, znalost) je my\u0161lenkov\u00FD a n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00FD proud, kter\u00FD sp\u00E1su du\u0161e ch\u00E1pe jako vysvobozen\u00ED z v\u011Bzen\u00ED t\u011Bla a hled\u00E1 ji v individu\u00E1ln\u00EDm pozn\u00E1n\u00ED. Gnosticismus nelze ch\u00E1pat jako v\u00EDru nebo n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00ED v prav\u00E9m slova smyslu, n\u011Bkter\u00E9 jeho prvky souvis\u00ED sp\u00ED\u0161e s mysticismem, jin\u00E9 spadaj\u00ED sp\u00ED\u0161e do oblasti filosofie. Hlavn\u00ED my\u0161lenkou je ostr\u00FD dualismus t\u011Bla a du\u0161e a mo\u017Enost poznat Boha v sob\u011B sam\u00E9m. Pro gnostika je tedy d\u016Fle\u017Eit\u00E1 osobn\u00ED n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00E1 zku\u0161enost, nikoli tvrzen\u00ED autorit, c\u00EDrkve, nebo dogmata v\u00EDry."@cs ,
		"\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\uFF08\u6216\u7A31\u9748\u77E5\u6D3E\u548C\u9748\u667A\u6D3E\uFF09\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u9019\u4E00\u500B\u5B57\u5728\u5E0C\u81D8\u6587\u4E2D\u5C31\u662F\u77E5\u8B58\uFF0C\u7279\u5225\u6307\u7684\u5C31\u662F\u73FE\u5728\u7684\u5360\u661F\u8853\uFF0C\u4ED6\u7684\u7406\u8AD6\u662F\u8A8D\u70BA\u6BCF\u4E00\u500B\u661F\u7403\u90FD\u6709\u4E00\u500B\u5C6C\u9748\u7684\u7D71\u5236\u8005\uFF0C\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u661F\u7403\u6709\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\u529B\uFF0C\u4E26\u5C07\u548C\u5730\u7403\u6703\u5206\u958B\uFF0C\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u5C0D\u4EBA\u5011\u5BE6\u969B\u7684\u751F\u6D3B\u6709\u5169\u65B9\u9762\u7684\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u7B2C\u4E00\u8EAB\u9AD4\u662F\u8D85\u9053\u5FB7\u7684\uFF0C\u6240\u653E\u7E31\u60C5\u617E\u662F\u6C92\u6709\u95DC\u4FC2\u7684\u3002\u7B2C\u4E8C\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u8EAB\u9AD4\u662F\u6C92\u6709\u771F\u5BE6\u50F9\u503C\u7684\uFF0C\u6240\u4EE5\u4EBA\u53EF\u4EE5\u81EA\u5DF1\u76E1\u60C5\u7684\u514B\u5236\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u653E\u7E31\uFF0C\u800C\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4ED6\u5011\u90FD\u6BD4\u8F03\u65BC\u504F\u5411\u65BC\u514B\u81EA\u5DF1\u8EAB\u3002\u800C\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u662F\u6307\u5728\u4E0D\u540C\u5B97\u6559\u904B\u52D5\u53CA\u5718\u9AD4\u4E2D\u7684\u540C\u4E00\u4FE1\u5FF5\uFF0C\u9019\u4FE1\u5FF5\u53EF\u80FD\u6E90\u81EA\u65BC\u6709\u6B77\u53F2\u524D\u7684\u6642\u4EE3\uFF0C\u4F46\u537B\u65BC\u516C\u5143\u7684\u9996\u6578\u500B\u4E16\u7D00\u6D3B\u8E8D\u65BC\u5730\u4E2D\u6D77\u9031\u570D\u8207\u4F38\u5EF6\u81F3\u4E2D\u4E9E\u5730\u5340\u3002\u4E86\u89E3\u9019\u500B\u6838\u5FC3\u4FE1\u5FF5\u7684\u9470\u5319\u5C31\u662F\u8981\u900F\u904E\u64C1\u6709\u300C\u9748\u77E5\u300D\uFF08Gnosis\uFF0C\u6216\u8B6F\u300C\u771F\u77E5\u300D\uFF09\uFF0C\u9748\u77E5\u5728\u5E0C\u81D8\u6587\u539F\u6587\u662F\u6307\u900F\u904E\u500B\u4EBA\u7D93\u9A57\u6240\u7372\u5F97\u7684\u4E00\u7A2E\u77E5\u8B58\u6216\u610F\u8B58\u3002\u8AFE\u601D\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u8005\u76F8\u4FE1\u900F\u904E\u9019\u7A2E\u8D85\u51E1\u7684\u7D93\u9A57\uFF0C\u53EF\u4F7F\u4ED6\u5011\u812B\u96E2\u7121\u77E5\u53CA\u73FE\u4E16\u3002 \u5728\u6B77\u53F2\u4E2D\uFF0C\u4E0D\u540C\u7684\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u6559\u6D3E\uFF08\u5C24\u5176\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u7684\u8AFE\u65AF\u66FF\u6559\u6D3E\uFF09\u90FD\u662F\u88AB\u6301\u6709\u5C0D\u6297\u4FE1\u5FF5\u7684\u6559\u6D3E\u6240\u903C\u5BB3\u3002\u7576\u4E2D\u7F3A\u4E4F\u8B49\u660E\u65E9\u671F\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u8005\u81EA\u7A31\u70BA\u300C\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u300D\uFF0C\u9019\u500B\u7A31\u547C\u5728\u73FE\u4ECA\u5B78\u8005\u4E2D\u7D93\u5E38\u7528\u4F86\u8868\u793A\u90A3\u4E9B\u4EE5\u500B\u4EBA\u667A\u6167\u4F86\u7372\u5F97\u62EF\u6551\u7684\u4EBA\u3002\u96D6\u7136\u5F88\u591A\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u8005\u90FD\u9075\u5FAA\u8036\u7A4C\u57FA\u7763\u7684\u6559\u5C0E\uFF0C\u751A\u81F3\u81EA\u7A31\u70BA\u57FA\u7763\u5F92\uFF0C\u4F46\u7576\u4E2D\u4EA6\u6709\u5F88\u591A\u4E0D\u540C\u5B97\u6559\u5B9A\u4F4D\u7684\u8AFE\u601D\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u8005\uFF0C\u5C24\u5176\u662F\u9060\u4E45\u7684\u6CE2\u65AF\u5148\u77E5\u6469\u5C3C\u7684\u8DDF\u96A8\u8005\uFF08\u6469\u5C3C\u6559\uFF09\u53CA\u5728\u4F0A\u62C9\u514B\u53CA\u4F0A\u6717\u65E9\u65BC\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u7684\u66FC\u5E95\u5B89\u4E3B\u7FA9\u3002 \u5728\u4E8C\u5341\u4E16\u7D00\u767C\u73FE\u7684\u6B7B\u6D77\u53E4\u5377\u53EF\u627E\u5230\u8AFE\u65AF\u66FF\u6559\u75D5\u8DE1\uFF0C\u4F46\u5728\u5341\u4E5D\u4E16\u7D00\u524D\u77E5\u8B58\u5B8C\u5168\u4F86\u81EA\u611B\u4EFB\u7D10\u3001\u5E0C\u6CE2\u5F8B\u9640\u3001\u4FC4\u5229\u6839\u3001\u7279\u571F\u826F\u3001\u4F0A\u76AE\u6CD5\u7D10\u7B49\u57FA\u7763\u5F92\u8457\u4F5C\u3002 \u6B50\u6D32\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u56B4\u91CD\u5730\u53D7\u5230\u5728\u5149\u8207\u6697\u7684\u9B25\u722D\u4E2D\u6399\u624E\u7684\u795E\u8A71\u89C0\u5FF5\u6240\u5F71\u97FF\u3002\u9019\u5F71\u97FF\u5C0E\u81F4\u5F37\u70C8\u7684\u4E8C\u5143\u8AD6\u767C\u5C55\uFF1A\u5728\u5929\u570B\u7684\u570B\u571F\u8207\u7269\u8CEA\u7684\u4E16\u754C\u6709\u8457\u660E\u986F\u7684\u5206\u9694\uFF0C\u9019\u500B\u7269\u8CEA\u4E16\u754C\u662F\u7531\u5275\u9020\u5B83\u7684\u7121\u77E5\u7684\u795E\u5FB7\u8B2C\u54E5\u6240\u652F\u914D\u3002\u53D7\u5230\u57FA\u7763\u6559\u5EE3\u6CDB\u7684\u50B3\u64AD\u6240\u5F71\u97FF\uFF0C\u5FB7\u8B2C\u54E5\u8207\u6492\u4F46\u5341\u5206\u76F8\u4F3C\u3002\u5176\u4E2D\u4E00\u500B\u4E8C\u5143\u8AD6\u7684\u4F86\u6E90\u53EF\u80FD\u662F\u76F4\u63A5\u7531\u5176\u4ED6\u8FD1\u6771\u8AFE\u65AF\u5E95\u4E3B\u7FA9\u5F15\u5165\uFF0C\u5982\u9B91\u683C\u7C73\u52D2\u6559\u6D3E\u3002"@zh ,
		"Gnosticism refers to diverse, syncretistic religious movements in antiquity consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect god, the demiurge; this being is frequently identified with the Abrahamic god, and is contrasted with a superior entity, referred to by several terms including Pleroma and Godhead. Depictions of the demiurge&mdash;the term originates with Plato's Timaeus&mdash;vary from being as an embodiment of evil, to being merely imperfect and as benevolent as its inadequacy permits. Gnosticism was a dualistic religion, influenced by and influencing Hellenic philosophy, Judaism, and Christianity; however, by contrast, later strands of the movement, such as the Valentinians, held a monistic world-view. This, along with the varying treatments of the demiurge, may be seen as indicative of the variety of positions held within the category. The gn\u014Dsis referred to in the term is a form of revealed, esoteric knowledge through which the spiritual elements of humanity are reminded of their true origins within the superior Godhead, being thus permitted to escape materiality. Consequently, within the sects of gnosticism only the pneumatics or psychics obtain gn\u014Dsis; the hylic or Somatics, though human, being incapable of perceiving the higher reality, are unlikely to attain the gn\u014Dsis deemed by gnostic movements as necessary for salvation. Jesus of Nazareth is identified by some Gnostic sects as an embodiment of the supreme being who became incarnate to bring gn\u014Dsis to the earth. In others he is considered a m\u0161iha kdaba or \"false messiah\" who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by John the Baptist. Still other traditions identify Mani and Seth, third son of Adam and Eve, as salvific figures. Whereas formerly Gnosticism was considered by some a heretical branch of Christianity, it now seems clear that traces of Gnostic systems can be discerned some centuries before the Christian Era. Gnostic sects may have existed earlier than the First Century BC, thus predating the birth of Jesus. The movement spread in areas controlled by the Roman Empire and Arian Goths, and the Persian Empire; it continued to develop in the Mediterranean and Middle East before and during the second and third centuries. Conversion to Islam and the Albigensian Crusade (1209\u20131229) greatly reduced the remaining number of Gnostics throughout the Middle Ages, though a few isolated communities continue to exist to the present. Gnostic ideas became influential in the philosophies of various esoteric mystical movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups."@en ;
	rdfs:comment	"Gnostisizm, eski M\u0131s\u0131r ezoterizmini, eski Yunan ezoterizmini (Platon, Pisagor),eski mistik \u0130brani geleneklerini, Zerd\u00FC\u015Ft\u00E7\u00FCl\u00FC\u011F\u00FC, baz\u0131 Do\u011Fu geleneklerini ve dinlerini, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011F\u0131 eklektik bir tutumla sentezleyen, bir\u00E7ok tarikat\u0131n benimsedi\u011Fi mistik felsefeye verilen genel add\u0131r. Terim, eski Yunanca\u2019daki \u201Csezgi veya tefekk\u00FCr yoluyla edinilebilen bilgi\u201D anlam\u0131ndaki \u201Cgnosis\u201D s\u00F6zc\u00FC\u011F\u00FCnden t\u00FCretilmi\u015Ftir. (Gnosis \u00FC\u00E7 bilgi t\u00FCr\u00FCnden biridir."@tr ,
		"Gnostycyzm (z gr. \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CC\u03C2 gnostikos \"dotycz\u0105cy wiedzy, s\u0142u\u017C\u0105cy poznaniu\") \u2013 doktryny i ruchy religijne powsta\u0142e w I i II w. na wschodzie cesarstwa rzymskiego, g\u0142. w Syrii i Egipcie, b\u0119d\u0105ce kontynuacj\u0105 gnozy, dualistyczne i \u0142\u0105cz\u0105ce elementy chrze\u015Bcija\u0144stwa z grecko-egipskim hermetyzmem. Gnoza oznacza wiedz\u0119, kt\u00F3ra ma cz\u0142owiekowi przynie\u015B\u0107 wyzwolenie i zbawienie. Wiedza ta jest pochodzenia boskiego."@pl ,
		"Gnosticism \u00E4r ingen sj\u00E4lvst\u00E4ndig religion, utan en mystisk, andlig id\u00E9str\u00F6mning med m\u00E5ngtusen\u00E5riga anor. Den kristna gnosticismen \u2013 som n\u00E5dde sin h\u00F6jdpunkt under \u00E5ren 60 \u2013 160 e. Kr. d\u00E5 ett stort antal sekter skapade egna, starkt avvikande, tolkningar av den kristna l\u00E4ran \u2013 hade r\u00F6tter i judisk, persisk och hellenistisk mystik."@sv ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0301\u0437\u043C (\u043E\u0442 \u0434\u0440. -\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447."@ru ,
		"Gnostisisme er en samlebetegnelse p\u00E5 en gruppe religi\u00F8se bevegelser som blomstret fra sen-hellenismen til tidlig middelalder. Betegnelsen kommer fra gresk, gnosis, som betyr kunnskap, eller innsikt. Men det er ikke den samme type kunnskap som oppn\u00E5s ved hjelp av fornuft og filosofering (gresk epist\u00E9m\u00E9, kunnskap), eller bruk av sansene."@no ,
		"Gnostilaisuus oli varsinkin 200- ja 300-luvuilla vaikuttanut synkretistinen uskonnollinen liike, jota esiintyi monien ajan uskontojen, muun muassa kristinuskon, yhteydess\u00E4 V\u00E4limeren alueelta Keski-Aasiaan saakka."@fi ,
		"Gnosticism refers to diverse, syncretistic religious movements in antiquity consisting of various belief systems generally united in the teaching that humans are divine souls trapped in a material world created by an imperfect god, the demiurge; this being is frequently identified with the Abrahamic god, and is contrasted with a superior entity, referred to by several terms including Pleroma and Godhead."@en ,
		"\u0413\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043C \u2014 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u043E-\u043D\u0430\u0443\u043A\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043C\u0456\u043D, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0442\u043D\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u043B\u0456\u0433\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F \u0443 2-3 \u0441\u0442\u043E\u043B\u0456\u0442\u0442\u044F\u0445, \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0456 \u0443 \u0440\u0430\u043D\u0456\u0448\u0456 \u043F\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043E\u0434\u0438."@uk ,
		""@zh ,
		"Gnosticismo, tem por origem etimol\u00F3gica o termo grego \"gnosis\", que significa \"conhecimento\". Mas n\u00E3o um conhecimento racional, cient\u00EDfico, filos\u00F3fico, te\u00F3rico e emp\u00EDrico (a \"episteme\" dos gregos), mas de car\u00E1ter intuitivo e transcendental; Sabedoria."@pt ,
		"Gnosis (von altgr. gn\u014Dsis \u03B3\u03BD\u1FF6\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 \u201AKenntnis\u2018) oder Gnostizismus (latinisierte Form des griechischen gnostikismos \u03B3\u03BD\u03C9\u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC\u03C2) bezeichnet als religionswissenschaftlicher Begriff verschiedene religi\u00F6se Lehren und Gruppierungen des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts, teils auch fr\u00FCherer Vorl\u00E4ufer."@de ,
		"Le gnosticisme est un mouvement religieux regroupant des doctrines vari\u00E9es du bassin m\u00E9diterran\u00E9en et du Moyen-Orient qui se caract\u00E9risent g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement par la croyance que les hommes sont des \u00E2mes divines emprisonn\u00E9es dans un monde mat\u00E9riel cr\u00E9\u00E9 par un dieu mauvais ou imparfait appel\u00E9 le d\u00E9miurge. Le mouvement connut son apog\u00E9e au cours du II si\u00E8cle"@fr ,
		"De term gnosticisme (soms ook wel gnostiek genoemd) is etymologisch afkomstig van het Griekse woord voor kennis, gnosis . Gnosis duidt op mystieke, geheime (in de betekenis van verborgen) kennis. Gnosticisme is een verzamelnaam voor een brede waaier aan mystiek-religieuze stromingen die stammen van voor het begin van de huidige jaartelling en een bloei kenden in de 2e en 3e eeuw. Vanwege zijn occulte (geheime) karakter is het moeilijk een duidelijk beeld te krijgen van het gnosticisme."@nl ,
		"Lo gnosticismo \u00E8 un movimento filosofico-religioso, molto articolato, la cui massima diffusione si ebbe nel II e III secolo dell'era cristiana. Il termine gnosticismo deriva dalla parola greca gn\u00F3sis (\u03B3\u03BD\u1FF6\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2), \u00ABconoscenza\u00BB. Una definizione piuttosto parziale del movimento basata sull'etimologia della parola pu\u00F2 essere: \"dottrina della salvezza tramite la conoscenza\"."@it ,
		"Gnosticismul, se refer\u0103 la diverse mi\u015Fc\u0103ri religioase sincretice, const\u00E2nd in variate sisteme de credin\u0163e, generalizat unite \u00EEn \u00EEnv\u0103\u0163\u0103tura c\u0103 oamenii sunt suflete divine \u00EEnchise \u00EEntr-o lume material\u0103, creat\u0103 de un Dumnezeu imperfect, Demiurgul, care este frecvent identificat cu Dumnezeul lui Avram. Demiurgul poate fi descris ca o \u00EEncorporare a r\u0103ului, sau \u00EEn alte instan\u0163e la fel de imperfect \u015Fi binevoitor at\u00E2t c\u00E2t insuficien\u0163a lui permite."@ro ,
		""@ja ,
		"El Gnosticisme es un conjunt de corrents sincr\u00E8tiques filos\u00F2ficoreligioses que imit\u00E0 el cristianisme en els tres primers segles de la nostra era, convertint-se finalment en un pensament declarat her\u00E8tic despr\u00E9s d'una etapa de cert prestigi entre els intel\u00B7lectuals cristians. Es pot parlar d'un gnosticisme pag\u00E0 i d'un gnosticisme cristi\u00E0, encara que el m\u00E9s significatiu pensament gn\u00F2stic s'assol\u00EDs com una branca heterodoxa del cristianisme primitiu."@ca ,
		"El gnosticismo es un conjunto de corrientes sincr\u00E9ticas filos\u00F3fico-religiosas que llegaron a mimetizarse con el cristianismo en los tres primeros siglos de nuestra era, convirti\u00E9ndose finalmente en un pensamiento declarado her\u00E9tico despu\u00E9s de una etapa de cierto prestigio entre los intelectuales cristianos."@es ,
		"Gnosticismus \u010Di gn\u00F3ze (z \u0159eck\u00E9ho \u03B3\u03BD\u03CE\u03C3\u03B9\u03C2 - pozn\u00E1n\u00ED, znalost) je my\u0161lenkov\u00FD a n\u00E1bo\u017Eensk\u00FD proud, kter\u00FD sp\u00E1su du\u0161e ch\u00E1pe jako vysvobozen\u00ED z v\u011Bzen\u00ED t\u011Bla a hled\u00E1 ji v individu\u00E1ln\u00EDm pozn\u00E1n\u00ED. Gnosticismus nelze ch\u00E1pat jako v\u00EDru nebo n\u00E1bo\u017Eenstv\u00ED v prav\u00E9m slova smyslu, n\u011Bkter\u00E9 jeho prvky souvis\u00ED sp\u00ED\u0161e s mysticismem, jin\u00E9 spadaj\u00ED sp\u00ED\u0161e do oblasti filosofie. Hlavn\u00ED my\u0161lenkou je ostr\u00FD dualismus t\u011Bla a du\u0161e a mo\u017Enost poznat Boha v sob\u011B sam\u00E9m."@cs ,
		"A R\u00F3mai Birodalomban hamar t\u00E1mogatott\u00E1, majd \u00E1llamvall\u00E1ss\u00E1 v\u00E1lt korai kereszt\u00E9nys\u00E9g egyik legnagyobb ellenfel\u00E9nek tartotta a *manicheizmust, mely vall\u00E1s a Mediterr\u00E1neumt\u00F3l K\u00EDn\u00E1ig, a 3. sz\u00E1zadt\u00F3l a 18. sz\u00E1zadig \u00E9l\u0151 vall\u00E1si mozgalom volt, annak ellen\u00E9re, hogy eg\u00E9sz t\u00F6rt\u00E9nelme sor\u00E1n (m\u00E1r a keletkez\u00E9si hely\u00E9t\u0151l, Perzsi\u00E1t\u00F3l kezdve) t\u0171zzel-vassal irtott\u00E1k. Ellenp\u00E9ldak\u00E9nt az Ujgur Birodalomban \u00E1llamvall\u00E1s szerep\u00E9t t\u00F6lt\u00F6tte be."@hu .
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