"52-107"@en . "25-26"@en . "62-73"@en . . "382-387"@en . "145-147"@en . "chpt. 3"@en . . "916-932"@en . "408-417"@en . "1979"^^ . "723-821"@en . "474-505"@en . "156"^^ . "A intelig\u00EAncia artificial (IA) \u00E9 uma \u00E1rea de pesquisa da ci\u00EAncia da computa\u00E7\u00E3o dedicada a buscar m\u00E9todos ou dispositivos computacionais que possuam ou simulem a capacidade humana de resolver problemas, pensar ou, de forma ampla, ser inteligente.\""@pt . "458-467"@en . . "pp. 147-163"@en . "749-752"@en . "L'intelligence artificielle (terme cr\u00E9\u00E9 par John McCarthy), souvent abr\u00E9g\u00E9e avec le sigle IA, est d\u00E9finie par l\u2019un de ses cr\u00E9ateurs, Marvin Lee Minsky, comme \u00AB la construction de programmes informatiques qui s\u2019adonnent \u00E0 des t\u00E2ches qui sont, pour l\u2019instant, accomplies de fa\u00E7on plus satisfaisante par des \u00EAtres humains car elles demandent des processus mentaux de haut niveau tels que : l\u2019apprentissage perceptuel, l\u2019organisation de la m\u00E9moire et le raisonnement critique \u00BB.\""@fr . "23-46, 69-81, 169-196, 235-277, 281-298, 319-345"@en . "Kunstmatige intelligentie"@nl . "18-21"@en . "113-132"@en . "Sztuczna inteligencja (ang. Artificial Intelligence \u2013 AI) ma dwa podstawowe znaczenia: *jest to hipotetyczna inteligencja realizowana w procesie in\u017Cynieryjnym, a nie naturalnym *jest to nazwa technologii i dziedzina bada\u0144 naukowych informatyki na styku z neurologi\u0105, psychologi\u0105 i ostatnio kognitywistyk\u0105 oraz tak\u017Ce systemik\u0105, a nawet z wsp\u00F3\u0142czesn\u0105 filozofi\u0105.\""@pl . "509-530"@en . "Blakeslee"@en . "248-258"@en . "137-156"@en . "56-163"@en . "2007"^^ . "349-354"@en . "926-932"@en . "165-191, 333-381"@en . "6-9"@en . "Kunstig intelligens er en teknikk man bruker for \u00E5 gi datamaskiner en tiln\u00E6rmet menneskelig personlighet. I mange science fiction-filmer, -b\u00F8ker og -TV-serier blir man presentert for datamaskiner med tiln\u00E6rmet menneskelig personlighet. Noen eksempler er Marvin fra Haikerens guide til galaksen av Douglas Adams og HAL 9000 fra spillefilmen blir plassert i samme gruppe.\n\nI den virkelige verden har det flere ganger blitt laget datamaskiner som kan ta avgj\u00F8relser ut i fra et sett med instruksjoner den har f\u00E5tt matet inn p\u00E5 forh\u00E5nd, innen et spesielt felt. Alts\u00E5 ikke fullt og helt intelligente, men til en viss grad. Ett slikt eksempel er sjakkmaskinen Deep Blue.\n\nKunstig intelligens omfatter ogs\u00E5 design av produkter. Av utseende, form, eller farve, kan det signaliseres et budskap til mottageren. En kaffekjel har eksempelsvis en tut og en hank; mottakeren vil normalt opfatte at hanken er for \u00E5 holde kaffekjelen, mens tuten er for \u00E5 helle kaffen ut av. Vi har fargekoder og bruk av figurer innenfor skilt og opplysningstavler. Dette er ogs\u00E5 former for kunstig intelligens, hvor form og/eller farge signaliserer et budskap til mottageren.\""@no . "537-581, 863-898"@en . "820-824"@en . "Se denomina inteligencia artificial a la ciencia que desarrolla procesos que imitan a la inteligencia de los seres vivos. La principal aplicaci\u00F3n de esta ciencia es la creaci\u00F3n de m\u00E1quinas para la automatizaci\u00F3n de tareas que requieran un comportamiento inteligente.\""@es . "chpt. 7-12"@en . "K\u00FCnstliche Intelligenz (KI, engl. artificial intelligence, AI) ist ein Teilgebiet der Informatik, das mit der Automatisierung intelligenten Verhaltens befasst ist. Der Begriff ist insofern schwierig, als es keine genaue Definition von Intelligenz gibt. Trotzdem findet er in der Forschung und Entwicklung Anwendung.\""@de . "178"^^ . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\uFF08\u3058\u3093\u3053\u3046\u3061\u306E\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30B3\u30F3\u30D4\u30E5\u30FC\u30BF\u306B\u4EBA\u9593\u3068\u540C\u69D8\u306E\u77E5\u80FD\u3092\u5B9F\u73FE\u3055\u305B\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8A66\u307F\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u306E\u4E00\u9023\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u6280\u8853\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002\u300C\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\uFF08Artificial Intelligence\u3001AI\uFF09\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540D\u524D\u306F1956\u5E74\u306B\u30C0\u30FC\u30C8\u30DE\u30B9\u4F1A\u8B70\u3067\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30DE\u30C3\u30AB\u30FC\u30B7\u30FC\u306B\u3088\u308A\u547D\u540D\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u3001\u8A18\u53F7\u51E6\u7406\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u77E5\u80FD\u306E\u8A18\u8FF0\u3092\u4E3B\u4F53\u3068\u3059\u308B\u60C5\u5831\u51E6\u7406\u3084\u7814\u7A76\u3067\u306E\u30A2\u30D7\u30ED\u30FC\u30C1\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610F\u5473\u3042\u3044\u3067\u3082\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u65E5\u5E38\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306E\u300C\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547C\u3073\u540D\u306F\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u66D6\u6627\u306A\u3082\u306E\u306B\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u6C17\u306E\u5229\u3044\u305F\u5BB6\u5EAD\u7528\u96FB\u6C17\u6A5F\u68B0\u5668\u5177\u306E\u5236\u5FA1\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30E0\u3084\u30B2\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u601D\u8003\u30EB\u30FC\u30C1\u30F3\u306A\u3069\u304C\u3053\u3046\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\n\n\u30D7\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30DF\u30F3\u30B0\u8A00\u8A9ELISP\u306B\u3088\u308B\u300CEliza\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30AB\u30A6\u30F3\u30BB\u30E9\u30FC\u3092\u6A21\u5023\u3057\u305F\u30D7\u30ED\u30B0\u30E9\u30E0\u304C\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u5F15\u304D\u5408\u3044\u306B\u51FA\u3055\u308C\u308B\u304C\u3001\u8A08\u7B97\u6A5F\u306B\u4EBA\u9593\u306E\u5C02\u9580\u5BB6\u306E\u5F79\u5272\u3092\u3055\u305B\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300C\u30A8\u30AD\u30B9\u30D1\u30FC\u30C8\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30E0\u300D\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u7814\u7A76\u30FB\u60C5\u5831\u51E6\u7406\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30E0\u306E\u5B9F\u73FE\u306F\u3001\u4EBA\u9593\u304C\u6697\u9ED9\u306B\u6301\u3064\u5E38\u8B58\u306E\u8A18\u8FF0\u304C\u554F\u984C\u3068\u306A\u308A\u3001\u5B9F\u7528\u3078\u306E\u5229\u7528\u304C\u56F0\u96E3\u8996\u3055\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u73FE\u72B6\u304C\u3042\u308B\u3002\n\n\u4EBA\u5DE5\u7684\u306A\u77E5\u80FD\u306E\u5B9F\u73FE\u3078\u306E\u30A2\u30D7\u30ED\u30FC\u30C1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306F\u3001\u300C\u30D5\u30A1\u30B8\u30FC\u7406\u8AD6 (fuzzy theory)\u300D\u3084\u300C\u30CB\u30E5\u30FC\u30E9\u30EB\u30CD\u30C3\u30C8\u30EF\u30FC\u30AF\u300D\u306A\u3069\u306E\u3088\u3046\u306A\u30A2\u30D7\u30ED\u30FC\u30C1\u3082\u77E5\u3089\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u304C\u3001\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\u3068\u306E\u5DEE\u306F\u8A18\u8FF0\u306E\u8A18\u53F7\u7684\u660E\u793A\u6027\u306B\u3042\u308B\u3068\u8A00\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3002\u8FD1\u5E74\u3067\u306F\u300C\u30B5\u30DD\u30FC\u30C8\u30D9\u30AF\u30BF\u30FC\u30DE\u30B7\u30F3 (SVM)\u300D\u304C\u6CE8\u76EE\u3092\u96C6\u3081\u305F\u3002\u307E\u305F\u3001\u81EA\u3089\u306E\u7D4C\u9A13\u3092\u5143\u306B\u5B66\u7FD2\u3092\u884C\u3046\u5F37\u5316\u5B66\u7FD2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u624B\u6CD5\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\n\n\u65E5\u672C\u306B\u306F\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\u5B66\u4F1A\u3082\u3042\u308A\u3001\u30AA\u30F3\u30E9\u30A4\u30F3\u3067\u30B8\u30E3\u30FC\u30CA\u30EB\u3082\u8AAD\u3081\u308B\u3002\""@ja . "~18.3.3"@en . "Hawkins"@en . "Se denomina inteligencia artificial a la ciencia que desarrolla procesos que imitan a la inteligencia de los seres vivos. La principal aplicaci\u00F3n de esta ciencia es la creaci\u00F3n de m\u00E1quinas para la automatizaci\u00F3n de tareas que requieran un comportamiento inteligente.\n\nAlgunos ejemplos se encuentran en el \u00E1rea de control de sistemas, planificaci\u00F3n autom\u00E1tica, la habilidad de responder a diagn\u00F3sticos y a consultas de los consumidores, reconocimiento de escritura, reconocimiento del habla y reconocimiento de patrones. Los sistemas de IA actualmente son parte de la rutina en campos como econom\u00EDa, medicina, ingenier\u00EDa y la milicia, y se ha usado en gran variedad de aplicaciones de software, juegos de estrategia como ajedrez de computador y otros videojuegos.\n\nEl matem\u00E1tico sudafricano, Seymour Papert, es considerado pionero en esta ciencia.\""@es . "194-310"@en . . "Kunstig intelligens er en teknikk man bruker for \u00E5 gi datamaskiner en tiln\u00E6rmet menneskelig personlighet. I mange science fiction-filmer, -b\u00F8ker og -TV-serier blir man presentert for datamaskiner med tiln\u00E6rmet menneskelig personlighet. Noen eksempler er Marvin fra Haikerens guide til galaksen av Douglas Adams og HAL 9000 fra spillefilmen blir plassert i samme gruppe.\""@no . "Lakoff"@en . . "199-233"@en . "443-460"@en . "13"^^ . . "38-55"@en . "1997"^^ . "462-489"@en . "712-724"@en . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\uFF08\u3058\u3093\u3053\u3046\u3061\u306E\u3046\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u30B3\u30F3\u30D4\u30E5\u30FC\u30BF\u306B\u4EBA\u9593\u3068\u540C\u69D8\u306E\u77E5\u80FD\u3092\u5B9F\u73FE\u3055\u305B\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8A66\u307F\u3001\u3042\u308B\u3044\u306F\u305D\u306E\u305F\u3081\u306E\u4E00\u9023\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u6280\u8853\u3092\u3055\u3059\u3002\u300C\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\uFF08Artificial Intelligence\u3001AI\uFF09\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u540D\u524D\u306F1956\u5E74\u306B\u30C0\u30FC\u30C8\u30DE\u30B9\u4F1A\u8B70\u3067\u30B8\u30E7\u30F3\u30FB\u30DE\u30C3\u30AB\u30FC\u30B7\u30FC\u306B\u3088\u308A\u547D\u540D\u3055\u308C\u305F\u3002\u73FE\u5728\u3067\u306F\u3001\u8A18\u53F7\u51E6\u7406\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305F\u77E5\u80FD\u306E\u8A18\u8FF0\u3092\u4E3B\u4F53\u3068\u3059\u308B\u60C5\u5831\u51E6\u7406\u3084\u7814\u7A76\u3067\u306E\u30A2\u30D7\u30ED\u30FC\u30C1\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610F\u5473\u3042\u3044\u3067\u3082\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u3066\u3044\u308B\u3002\u65E5\u5E38\u8A9E\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306E\u300C\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\u300D\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547C\u3073\u540D\u306F\u975E\u5E38\u306B\u66D6\u6627\u306A\u3082\u306E\u306B\u306A\u3063\u3066\u304A\u308A\u3001\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u6C17\u306E\u5229\u3044\u305F\u5BB6\u5EAD\u7528\u96FB\u6C17\u6A5F\u68B0\u5668\u5177\u306E\u5236\u5FA1\u30B7\u30B9\u30C6\u30E0\u3084\u30B2\u30FC\u30E0\u306E\u601D\u8003\u30EB\u30FC\u30C1\u30F3\u306A\u3069\u304C\u3053\u3046\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\""@ja . "736-748"@en . "408-414"@en . "27, 55"@en . "551-557"@en . "51-107"@en . "733-736"@en . "335-337"@en . "xviii"@en . "Russell"@en . "46-48"@en . "chpt. 10.3, 17.5"@en . "204-233"@en . "375-430"@en . "59-189"@en . "863-898"@en . "McCarthy"@en . "414-416"@en . "1998"^^ . . "947-960"@en . . "810-821"@en . "96"^^ . . "262"^^ . "Nunez"@en . "901-942"@en . . "1935"^^ . "549-551"@en . "950-952"@en . "320-363"@en . "chpt. 25"@en . "Doyle"@en . "240-310"@en . "281-298"@en . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u667A\u80FD\uFF08Artificial Intelligence\u6216\u7B80\u79F0AI\uFF09\u6709\u65F6\u4E5F\u79F0\u4F5C\u673A\u5668\u667A\u80FD\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u7531\u4EBA\u5DE5\u5236\u9020\u51FA\u6765\u7684\u7CFB\u7EDF\u6240\u8868\u73B0\u51FA\u6765\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u3002\u8FD9\u91CC\uFF0C\u201C\u4EBA\u201D\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u5E7F\u4E49\u7406\u89E3\u4E3A\u4EFB\u4F55\u751F\u547D\u4F53\uFF0C\u6BD4\u5982\u8BF4\u5916\u661F\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5982\u679C\u5B83\u4EEC\u771F\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u7684\u8BDD\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u4EBA\u5DE5\u667A\u80FD\u662F\u6307\u901A\u8FC7\u666E\u901A\u8BA1\u7B97\u673A\u5B9E\u73B0\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u3002\u8BE5\u8BCD\u540C\u65F6\u4E5F\u6307\u7814\u7A76\u8FD9\u6837\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u7CFB\u7EDF\u662F\u5426\u80FD\u591F\u5B9E\u73B0\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5982\u4F55\u5B9E\u73B0\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u9886\u57DF\u3002\""@zh . "1966"^^ . . "653-664"@en . "The modern definition of artificial intelligence (or AI) is \"the study and design of intelligent agents\" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success. \nJohn McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, \ndefines it as \"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.\" \nOther names for the field have been proposed, such as computational intelligence, \nsynthetic intelligence\n\nThe term artificial intelligence is also used to describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.\nGeneral intelligence (or \"strong AI\") has not yet been achieved and is a long-term goal of AI research.\n\nAI research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, cognitive science, linguistics, operations research, economics, control theory, probability, optimization and logic.\nAI research also overlaps with tasks such as robotics, control systems, scheduling, data mining, logistics, speech recognition, facial recognition and many others."@en . "Norvig"@en . "127-133"@en . "949"^^ . "885-892"@en . "79-121"@en . "300-301"@en . "1936"^^ . . "395-402"@en . "133-150"@en . "18"^^ . "chpt. 15"@en . "477-491"@en . "Sztuczna inteligencja (ang. Artificial Intelligence \u2013 AI) ma dwa podstawowe znaczenia:\n*jest to hipotetyczna inteligencja realizowana w procesie in\u017Cynieryjnym, a nie naturalnym\n*jest to nazwa technologii i dziedzina bada\u0144 naukowych informatyki na styku z neurologi\u0105, psychologi\u0105 i ostatnio kognitywistyk\u0105 oraz tak\u017Ce systemik\u0105, a nawet z wsp\u00F3\u0142czesn\u0105 filozofi\u0105.\n\nG\u0142\u00F3wnym zadaniem bada\u0144 nad sztuczn\u0105 inteligencj\u0105 w drugim znaczeniu jest konstruowanie maszyn i program\u00F3w komputerowych zdolnych do realizacji wybranych funkcji umys\u0142u i ludzkich zmys\u0142\u00F3w niepoddaj\u0105cych si\u0119 prostej numerycznej algorytmizacji.\nProblemy takie bywaj\u0105 nazywane AI-trudnymi i zalicza si\u0119 do nich mi\u0119dzy innymi: \n*podejmowanie decyzji w warunkach braku wszystkich danych \n*analiza i synteza j\u0119zyk\u00F3w naturalnych\n*rozumowanie logiczne/racjonalne, \n*dowodzenie twierdze\u0144, \n*gry logiczne, jak np. szachy czy go\n*zarz\u0105dzanie wiedz\u0105, preferencjami i informacj\u0105 w robotyce \n*systemy eksperckie i diagnostyczne.\""@pl . "~422-442"@en . "L'intelligence artificielle (terme cr\u00E9\u00E9 par John McCarthy), souvent abr\u00E9g\u00E9e avec le sigle IA, est d\u00E9finie par l\u2019un de ses cr\u00E9ateurs, Marvin Lee Minsky, comme \u00AB la construction de programmes informatiques qui s\u2019adonnent \u00E0 des t\u00E2ches qui sont, pour l\u2019instant, accomplies de fa\u00E7on plus satisfaisante par des \u00EAtres humains car elles demandent des processus mentaux de haut niveau tels que : l\u2019apprentissage perceptuel, l\u2019organisation de la m\u00E9moire et le raisonnement critique \u00BB.\""@fr . . "320-328"@en . . . "193-196"@en . "162"^^ . "Hofstadter"@en . "248-256, 323-335"@en . "Stubblefield"@en . "chpt. 10.1-2, 22"@en . "449-455"@en . "Intelligence artificielle"@fr . "161-185"@en . "64-65"@en . "Intelligenza artificiale"@it . "333-381"@en . "260-266"@en . "145-162"@en . "Simon"@en . "I.2.11"@en . "Minsky"@en . "422-430"@en . "597-616"@en . "840-857"@en . "~182-190, ~363-379"@en . "chpt. 13-16"@en . "17"^^ . "613-631"@en . "1937"^^ . "908-915"@en . "712-754"@en . . "354-360"@en . "I.2.10"@en . . "947"^^ . "59-62"@en . "I.2.9"@en . "293"^^ . "50-62"@en . "chpt. 3,4,6,8"@en . "161-162,197-203"@en . "504-519"@en . "790-831"@en . "chpt. 13"@en . "24"^^ . "3\u221235\""@en . "763-788"@en . "309-315"@en . "Teko\u00E4ly\""@fi . . "1986"^^ . "530-541"@en . "15940"^^ . "217-225, 280-294"@en . "1999"^^ . "chpt. 19.3-4"@en . "597-600"@en . ": AI h\u00E4nvisar hit. Se \u00E4ven AI (olika betydelser). ----\""@sv . . "Kleene"@en . "1963"^^ . "chpt. 21"@en . "600-604"@en . "ASIMO \u2014 \u0418\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0442 Honda]] \u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0301\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0442 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C\u044E \u0432\u044B\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432.\""@ru . "623-630"@en . . "3"^^ . "McCorduck"@en . "227-243"@en . "375-459"@en . "chpt. 3.3 , 10.3, 17.5, 20"@en . "268-275"@en . "537-581"@en . "397-438"@en . "chpt. 12"@en . "281-316"@en . "Sana teko\u00E4ly tarkoittaa sellaisia tietokoneen toimintoja, jotka j\u00E4ljittelev\u00E4t ihmiselle tyypillisi\u00E4 \u00E4lykkyytt\u00E4 vaativia toimintoja.\""@fi . "chpt. 14 & 16"@en . "I.2.7"@en . . "Kurzweil"@en . "Slovic"@en . "Norvig"@en . "chpt. 10.1-2"@en . "2"^^ . "chpt. 20"@en . "22"^^ . "35-77"@en . "Con il termine intelligenza artificiale (spesso abbreviato in AI, dall'inglese Artificial Intelligence), si intende generalmente l'abilit\u00E0 di un computer di svolgere funzioni e ragionamenti tipici della mente umana. L'intelligenza artificiale \u00E8 una disciplina dibattuta tra scienziati e filosofi, la quale manifesta aspetti sia teorici che pratici.\""@it . "Kunstmatige intelligentie (KI) of artifici\u00EBle intelligentie (AI) is de wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met het cre\u00EBren van een artefact dat een vorm van intelligentie vertoont. Het is echter moeilijk te defini\u00EBren wat 'intelligentie' precies is.\n\nDingen die aanvankelijk als zeer intelligent werden beschouwd, zoals het winnen van een partij schaak van de wereldkampioen schaken, blijken opeens toch niet zo intelligent te zijn als het doel eenmaal is bereikt (Kasparov-Deep Blue, 1997). Soms wordt wel eens half-schertsend gezegd 'Kunstmatige intelligentie is wat we de computer nog niet kunnen laten doen'. \n\nEen vrij algemeen geaccepteerde test voor kunstmatige intelligentie is de Turing-test, geformuleerd door de Engelse wiskundige Alan Turing, een van de vaders van de computerwetenschap. Deze komt erop neer dat als een computer iemand voor de gek kan houden en deze kan laten geloven dat hij een mens is, de computer intelligent moet zijn. Voor zo'n test moeten dan de omstandigheden zodanig worden gemaakt dat de proefpersoon niet ziet met wie hij praat, bijvoorbeeld door via een toetsenbord met iemand in een andere kamer te converseren. (Het woord chatten bestond in deze betekenis in Turings tijd nog niet). Een definitie van John McCarthy uit 1955 stelt dat het gaat om \"een machine zich zo laten gedragen dat we dat intelligent gedrag zouden noemen als een mens zich zo gedroeg\" in zijn \"Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project On Artificial Intelligence\" (1955), waarin de term voor het eerst opduikt.\""@nl . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u667A\u80FD\""@zh . "462-644"@en . . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u77E5\u80FD\""@ja . "113-114"@en . "Kahnemann"@en . "chpt. 4.2"@en . "1988"^^ . "112-117"@en . "I.2.6"@en . "Tversky"@en . "110-116,120-129"@en . "Nilsson"@en . "281-309"@en . "385-542"@en . "~I.2.8"@en . "Inteligencia artificial"@es . "Searle"@en . "109"^^ . "45-50"@en . "21"^^ . "G\u00F6del\""@en . "\u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\""@ru . "~363-379"@en . "102-105"@en . "346-366"@en . "Luger"@en . "120-132"@en . . . "47-49"@en . "chpt. 2,3,7,9"@en . "740-743"@en . "Newell"@en . "~I.2.7"@en . . "1989"^^ . "pp. 132-147"@en . . "275"^^ . "NRC"@en . "424-433"@en . "27, 32-58, 968-972"@en . "Sana teko\u00E4ly tarkoittaa sellaisia tietokoneen toimintoja, jotka j\u00E4ljittelev\u00E4t ihmiselle tyypillisi\u00E4 \u00E4lykkyytt\u00E4 vaativia toimintoja.\n\nTeko\u00E4lyst\u00E4 puhutaan keinotekoisen olennon osoittamana \u00E4lyn\u00E4. Yleens\u00E4 sen oletetaan olevan tietokoneohjelma, joka pyrkii suorittamaan ihmism\u00E4ist\u00E4 ajattelua (laskennallinen l\u00E4hestymistapa). T\u00E4ll\u00E4 hetkell\u00E4 teko\u00E4lyn sovelluksia ovat esimerkiksi luonnollisen kielen tuottamiseen ja tunnistamiseen erikoistuneet j\u00E4rjestelm\u00E4t, asiantuntijaj\u00E4rjestelm\u00E4t, robottitekniikka ja viihdesovellukset. \n\nTeko\u00E4lyn m\u00E4\u00E4ritelm\u00E4 on varsin kiistelty, koska \u00E4lykkyytt\u00E4 itsess\u00E4\u00E4n on vaikea m\u00E4\u00E4ritell\u00E4.\""@fi . "725-727"@en . "28"^^ . "chpt. 19"@en . "Dreyfus"@en . "19"^^ . "2000"^^ . "Wason"@en . "Poole"@en . "56-58"@en . "213-217, 275-280, 295-306"@en . "Picard"@en . "678-710"@en . "1990"^^ . . "467-474"@en . "361-381"@en . "chpt. 3.3"@en . "The modern definition of artificial intelligence (or AI) is \"the study and design of intelligent agents\" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success. \nJohn McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, \ndefines it as \"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.\" \nOther names for the field have been proposed, such as computational intelligence, \nsynthetic intelligence\n\nThe term artificial intelligence is also used to describe a property of machines or programs: the intelligence that the system demonstrates. Among the traits that researchers hope machines will exhibit are reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.\nGeneral intelligence (or \"strong AI\") has not yet been achieved and is a long-term goal of AI research.\n\nAI research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, cognitive science, linguistics, operations research, economics, control theory, probability, optimization and logic.\nAI research also overlaps with tasks such as robotics, control systems, scheduling, data mining, logistics, speech recognition, facial recognition and many others.\""@en . "453-541"@en . "chpt. 18"@en . "387-395"@en . "I.2.4"@en . "51"^^ . "7"^^ . "795-810"@en . "59-93"@en . "25-26"@en . . . "957"^^ . "2-3 and 948"@en . "Russell"@en . "2003"^^ . "chpt. ~17.1-17.4"@en . "568-578"@en . "chpt. 19.4 & 7"@en . "345-395"@en . "Church"@en . "Goebel"@en . "203"^^ . "1950"^^ . "50-51"@en . "50"^^ . "1980"^^ . "430-449"@en . "1983"^^ . "chpt. 9"@en . "492-523"@en . "209-210"@en . "7-21"@en . "Artificial intelligence"@en . "Artificiell intelligens"@sv . . "Con il termine intelligenza artificiale (spesso abbreviato in AI, dall'inglese Artificial Intelligence), si intende generalmente l'abilit\u00E0 di un computer di svolgere funzioni e ragionamenti tipici della mente umana.\nL'intelligenza artificiale \u00E8 una disciplina dibattuta tra scienziati e filosofi, la quale manifesta aspetti sia teorici che pratici.\n\nNel suo aspetto puramente informatico, essa comprende la teoria e le tecniche per lo sviluppo di algoritmi che consentano alle macchine (tipicamente ai calcolatori) di mostrare un'abilit\u00E0 e/o attivit\u00E0 intelligente, almeno in domini specifici.\""@it . "591-632"@en . . "2004"^^ . "~I.2.4"@en . "298-305"@en . "174-177"@en . "chpt. 4.2, 7.2"@en . "275-277"@en . "chpt. 19.1"@en . "Hayes"@en . ": AI h\u00E4nvisar hit. Se \u00E4ven AI (olika betydelser).\n----\n\nArtificiell intelligens, AI, skapad intelligens. \u00C4ven namnet p\u00E5 den vetenskap som str\u00E4var efter att f\u00F6rst\u00E5 och \u00E4ven, till skillnad fr\u00E5n Filosofi och Psykologi, bygga intelligenta system.\n\nExakt vad begreppet artificiell intelligens omfattar r\u00E5der det delade meningar om. Russell och Norvig presenterar de olika perspektiven inom kunskapsomr\u00E5det genom att ordna dem utifr\u00E5n de tv\u00E5 dimensionerna tankeprocesser och beteende, d\u00E4r fyra alternativa m\u00E5ls\u00E4ttningar f\u00F6ljer utifr\u00E5n vilka man kan f\u00F6rs\u00F6ka att skapa intelligenta system. De fyra alternativen \u00E4r: system som t\u00E4nker som m\u00E4nniskor, system som t\u00E4nker rationellt, system som beter sig som m\u00E4nniskor, och slutligen system som beter sig rationellt.\""@sv . "452-644"@en . "\u4EBA\u5DE5\u667A\u80FD\uFF08Artificial Intelligence\u6216\u7B80\u79F0AI\uFF09\u6709\u65F6\u4E5F\u79F0\u4F5C\u673A\u5668\u667A\u80FD\uFF0C\u662F\u6307\u7531\u4EBA\u5DE5\u5236\u9020\u51FA\u6765\u7684\u7CFB\u7EDF\u6240\u8868\u73B0\u51FA\u6765\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u3002\u8FD9\u91CC\uFF0C\u201C\u4EBA\u201D\u4E5F\u53EF\u4EE5\u5E7F\u4E49\u7406\u89E3\u4E3A\u4EFB\u4F55\u751F\u547D\u4F53\uFF0C\u6BD4\u5982\u8BF4\u5916\u661F\u4EBA\uFF0C\u5982\u679C\u5B83\u4EEC\u771F\u7684\u5B58\u5728\u7684\u8BDD\u3002\u901A\u5E38\u4EBA\u5DE5\u667A\u80FD\u662F\u6307\u901A\u8FC7\u666E\u901A\u8BA1\u7B97\u673A\u5B9E\u73B0\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u3002\u8BE5\u8BCD\u540C\u65F6\u4E5F\u6307\u7814\u7A76\u8FD9\u6837\u7684\u667A\u80FD\u7CFB\u7EDF\u662F\u5426\u80FD\u591F\u5B9E\u73B0\uFF0C\u4EE5\u53CA\u5982\u4F55\u5B9E\u73B0\u7684\u79D1\u5B66\u9886\u57DF\u3002\""@zh . "25"^^ . "chpt. 8"@en . "Lenat"@en . . "Kunstmatige intelligentie (KI) of artifici\u00EBle intelligentie (AI) is de wetenschap die zich bezighoudt met het cre\u00EBren van een artefact dat een vorm van intelligentie vertoont. Het is echter moeilijk te defini\u00EBren wat 'intelligentie' precies is.\""@nl . . "214-215"@en . "116-119"@en . "631-643"@en . "~46-52"@en . "235-240"@en . "335-363"@en . "453-505"@en . "2005"^^ . "9, 21-22"@en . "526-527"@en . "Sztuczna inteligencja"@pl . "649-788"@en . "403-408"@en . "381-394"@en . "A intelig\u00EAncia artificial (IA) \u00E9 uma \u00E1rea de pesquisa da ci\u00EAncia da computa\u00E7\u00E3o dedicada a buscar m\u00E9todos ou dispositivos computacionais que possuam ou simulem a capacidade humana de resolver problemas, pensar ou, de forma ampla, ser inteligente.\n\nO desenvolvimento da \u00E1rea come\u00E7ou logo ap\u00F3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial, com o artigo \"Computing Machinery and Intelligence\" do matem\u00E1tico ingl\u00EAs Alan Turing, e o pr\u00F3prio nome foi cunhado em 1956. Seus principais idealizadores foram os cientistas Marvin Minsky, Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, John McCarthy, Warren MuCulloch e Walter Pitts, entre outros. \n\nA constru\u00E7\u00E3o de m\u00E1quinas inteligentes interessam a humanidade h\u00E1 muito tempo, havendo na hist\u00F3ria um registro significante de aut\u00F4matos mec\u00E2nicos (reais) e personagens m\u00EDticos, como Frankenstein, que demonstram um sentimento amb\u00EDguo do homem, composto de fasc\u00EDnio e de medo, em rela\u00E7\u00E3o \u00E0 Intelig\u00EAncia Artificial. \n\nApenas recentemente, com o surgimento do computador moderno, \u00E9 que a intelig\u00EAncia artificial ganhou meios e massa cr\u00EDtica para se estabelecer como ci\u00EAncia integral, com problem\u00E1ticas e metodologias pr\u00F3prias. Desde ent\u00E3o, seu desenvolvimento tem extrapolado os cl\u00E1ssicos programas de xadrez ou de convers\u00E3o e envolvido \u00E1reas como vis\u00E3o computacional, an\u00E1lise e s\u00EDntese da voz, l\u00F3gica difusa, redes neurais artificiais e muitas outras. \n\nInicialmente a IA visava reproduzir o pensamento humano. A Intelig\u00EAncia Artificial abra\u00E7ou a id\u00E9ia de reproduzir faculdades humanas como criatividade, auto-aperfei\u00E7oamento e uso da linguagem. Por\u00E9m, o conceito de intelig\u00EAncia artificial \u00E9 bastante dif\u00EDcil de se definir. Por essa raz\u00E3o, Intelig\u00EAncia Artificial foi (e continua sendo) uma no\u00E7\u00E3o que disp\u00F5e de m\u00FAltiplas interpreta\u00E7\u00F5es, n\u00E3o raro conflitantes ou circulares.\""@pt . . "~I.2.3"@en . . "Shannon"@en . . . "1986"^^ . "chpt. 18.3"@en . "Mackworth"@en . "584-597"@en . "2004"^^ . "113-163"@en . "Turing"@en . "168"^^ . "341-344"@en . "52-54, 258-263"@en . . "5-16"@en . . "94-109"@en . . "1931"^^ . "Intelig\u00EAncia artificial\""@pt . "Rochester"@en . "Moravec"@en . "55"^^ . "190-196"@en . "~165-182"@en . "1982"^^ . "The modern definition of artificial intelligence (or AI) is \"the study and design of intelligent agents\" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as \"the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.\" Other names for the field have been proposed, such as computational intelligence, synthetic intelligence\""@en . "Brooks"@en . "chpt. 18.2"@en . "chpt. 6"@en . "641-676, 575-581"@en . "1955"^^ . "2003"^^ . "314-329"@en . "79-164, 193-219"@en . "Minsky"@en . "K\u00FCnstliche Intelligenz\""@de . . . "718"^^ . "AI"@en . . "K\u00FCnstliche Intelligenz (KI, engl. artificial intelligence, AI) ist ein Teilgebiet der Informatik, das mit der Automatisierung intelligenten Verhaltens befasst ist. Der Begriff ist insofern schwierig, als es keine genaue Definition von Intelligenz gibt. Trotzdem findet er in der Forschung und Entwicklung Anwendung.\""@de . "chpt. 3-9"@en . "chpt. 22.2"@en . "150-157"@en . "554-575"@en . "27-32"@en . "Computers/Artificial_Intelligence/"@en . "ASIMO \u2014 \u0418\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u043C\u0430\u043D\u043E\u0438\u0434\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0440\u043E\u0431\u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0442 Honda]]\n\u0418\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0301\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u043D\u0442\u0435\u043B\u043B\u0435\u0301\u043A\u0442 \u2014 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043B \u0438\u043D\u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0438, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0436\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043C\u043E\u0449\u044C\u044E \u0432\u044B\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043C \u0438 \u0438\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u041F\u0440\u0438 \u044D\u0442\u043E\u043C \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435\u0435 \u043D\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043D \u0430\u043B\u0433\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043C \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438.\n\n\u0422\u0435\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u044F\u0432\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0435 \u043E\u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u043E, \u0447\u0442\u043E \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0435\u043E\u0431\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u043C\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 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"328-341"@en . "163-176"@en . "~chpt. 6"@en . "27, 932, 970-972"@en . "1993"^^ . . "442-449"@en . . "Kunstig intelligens"@no . "115-117"@en . "9"^^ . "402-407"@en . "744-748"@en . "Crevier"@en . "1969"^^ . "91-104"@en . "271 and 279"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "RDF description of Artificial intelligence" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .