. "Um nome pr\u00F3prio \u00E9 um substantivo que distingue e identifica algo de forma espec\u00EDfica, como uma pessoa, um lugar ou entidade geogr\u00E1fica. Quando o nome pr\u00F3prio se refere a uma pessoa, \u00E9 chamado de antrop\u00F4nimo; quando se refere a um lugar ou acidente geogr\u00E1fico \u00E9 chamado de top\u00F4nimo. As pessoas recebem como nome pr\u00F3prio um ou mais prenomes e um ou mais sobrenomes ou apelidos de fam\u00EDlia. A onom\u00E1stica em geral e as mais espec\u00EDficas antropon\u00EDmia e topon\u00EDmia estudam os nomes, a origem e o significado, utilizando m\u00E9todos comuns \u00E0 lingu\u00EDstica e tamb\u00E9m pesquisas de car\u00E1ter hist\u00F3rico e antropol\u00F3gico."@pt . . . . "Los nombres propios son sustantivos que se usan para designar a personas, lugares, eventos, empresas o cosas con un nombre singular.\u200B Hacen referencia al efecto de nombrar. Nombrar es designar o determinar ling\u00FC\u00EDsticamente un objeto o experiencia del mundo como tal, por tanto de manera \u00FAnica e irrepetible."@es . . . . "Een eigennaam is een zelfstandig naamwoord waarmee een individuele persoon of zaak wordt aangeduid. Deze wordt onderscheiden van de soortnaam of het appellatief. De wetenschap die eigennamen bestudeert heet de naamkunde of onomastiek. De meeste eigennamen worden in talen die het Latijnse alfabet gebruiken met een hoofdletter geschreven. Hierdoor zijn ze in de schrijftaal goed herkenbaar. Het Duits vormt in dit opzicht een uitzondering: in deze taal worden alle zelfstandige naamwoorden met een hoofdletter geschreven."@nl . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Vlastn\u00ED jm\u00E9no (proprium) je speci\u00E1ln\u00ED , kter\u00FD m\u00E1 charakter podstatn\u00E9ho jm\u00E9na nebo pojmenovac\u00EDho spojen\u00ED, jeho\u017E funkc\u00ED je ozna\u010Dovat jedince, jednotlivinu nebo jako individuum ch\u00E1pan\u00E9 mno\u017Estv\u00ED, odli\u0161ovat je od ostatn\u00EDch jedinc\u016F nebo jednotlivin dan\u00E9 t\u0159\u00EDdy a identifikovat je jako jedine\u010Dn\u00E9 p\u0159edm\u011Bty \u0159e\u010Di. Opakem pojmu vlastn\u00ED jm\u00E9no je obecn\u00E9 jm\u00E9no, apelativum. Mezi vlastn\u00EDmi jm\u00E9ny a obecn\u00FDmi jm\u00E9na nen\u00ED ostr\u00E1 hranice. Sv\u011Bd\u010D\u00ED o tom nap\u0159. obousm\u011Brn\u00E9 p\u0159echody: vznik obecn\u00E9ho jm\u00E9na z vlastn\u00EDho jm\u00E9na se naz\u00FDv\u00E1 apelativizace (Roentgen \u2013 rentgen, nizozemsk\u00E9 m\u011Bsto Gouda \u2013 s\u00FDr gouda), opa\u010Dn\u00FD proces onymizace (p\u00EDsek \u2013 P\u00EDsek). Vlastn\u00EDmi jm\u00E9ny se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 obor zvan\u00FD onomastika."@cs . . "En grammaire, on entend par nom propre une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de noms, s'opposant au nom commun. \n* Un nom commun est un nom de substance non distincte de l'esp\u00E8ce (anim\u00E9e ou inanim\u00E9e) \u00E0 laquelle elle appartient. Il est pourvu d'une signification g\u00E9n\u00E9rale et d'une d\u00E9finition objective : un fleuve, un pays, une ville, une personne, un animal, un peuple, un dieu, un objet, un monument, une chanson, un roman, un film, une invention, un arbre\u2026 \n* Un nom propre au contraire, d\u00E9signe toute substance distincte de l'esp\u00E8ce \u00E0 laquelle elle appartient. Il ne poss\u00E8de en cons\u00E9quence aucune d\u00E9finition sp\u00E9cifique, sinon r\u00E9f\u00E9rentielle, et n'a de signification qu'en contexte, subjective, ou par des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de sa composition : Paris, Jules C\u00E9sar, Louis XIV, Samson, M\u00E9dor, Andersen, Apollon, Dieu, Au clair de la lune\u2026 L'\u00E9tude de l'\u00E9tymologie, de la formation et de l'usage des noms propres, \u00E0 travers les langues et les soci\u00E9t\u00E9s, est l'onomastique."@fr . . . . "Izen propio"@eu . "In linguistica, un nome proprio \u00E8 una notazione specifica adottata da una comunit\u00E0 o da un organismo amministrativo allo scopo di identificare e distinguere una persona (in questo caso si parla di antroponimo), un luogo o un'altra entit\u00E0 geografica (toponimo), una popolazione, una istituzione, un evento, un movimento culturale, un fenomeno sociale, un fenomeno oggetto di studio scientifico, una grandezza fisica, un'entit\u00E0 matematica (come un numero, una curva, una figura, o un teorema)."@it . . . . "Ainmfhocal ar leith ar dhuine n\u00F3 rud indibhidi\u00FAil n\u00F3 ar \u00E1it amh\u00E1in agus a \u00FAs\u00E1idtear chun tagairt a dh\u00E9anamh don eintiteas sin is ea ainmfhocal d\u00EDlis, mar shampla Se\u00E1n; Corcaigh; Bran; Glanbia, le hais ainmfhocail choitianta, ar ainmfhocal \u00E9 a thagra\u00EDonn d\u2019 aicme eintiteas ( cathair, pl\u00E1in\u00E9ad, duine, corpar\u00E1id ) agus f\u00E9adfar \u00ED a \u00FAs\u00E1id agus t\u00FA ag tagairt do ch\u00E1sanna d'aicme ar leith ( cathair, pl\u00E1in\u00E9ad eile, na daoine seo, \u00E1r gcorpar\u00E1id ). Is f\u00E9idir ainmfhocail chu\u00ED a bheith in iarratais th\u00E1naisteacha freisin, mar shampla ainmfhocail a mhodhn\u00FA (an t-eisp\u00E9ireas Mozart ), n\u00F3 i r\u00F3l ainmfhocail choitianta (n\u00ED haon Pavarotti \u00E9). T\u00E1 fadhbanna leis an sainmh\u00EDni\u00FA mionsonraithe ar an t\u00E9arma agus, go pointe \u00E1irithe, \u00E1 rial\u00FA ag gcoinbhinsi\u00FAn. Is ainmneacha d\u00EDlse agus ainmfhocail d\u00EDlse iad araon Al"@ga . "\u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 (\u043E\u0301\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0438) \u2014 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0454\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0432\u043F\u0430\u043A\u0438, \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442, \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0445.\u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0454 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0412 \u0443\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043F\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0456\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443 (\u0414\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044F\u0437\u044C, \u041B\u044C\u0432\u0456\u0432), \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0443 (\u041A\u0430\u0440\u043F\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0438, \u0421\u0443\u043C\u0438)."@uk . . . "60260"^^ . . "En grammaire, on entend par nom propre une sous-cat\u00E9gorie de noms, s'opposant au nom commun. \n* Un nom commun est un nom de substance non distincte de l'esp\u00E8ce (anim\u00E9e ou inanim\u00E9e) \u00E0 laquelle elle appartient. Il est pourvu d'une signification g\u00E9n\u00E9rale et d'une d\u00E9finition objective : un fleuve, un pays, une ville, une personne, un animal, un peuple, un dieu, un objet, un monument, une chanson, un roman, un film, une invention, un arbre\u2026 \n* Un nom propre au contraire, d\u00E9signe toute substance distincte de l'esp\u00E8ce \u00E0 laquelle elle appartient. Il ne poss\u00E8de en cons\u00E9quence aucune d\u00E9finition sp\u00E9cifique, sinon r\u00E9f\u00E9rentielle, et n'a de signification qu'en contexte, subjective, ou par des \u00E9l\u00E9ments de sa composition : Paris, Jules C\u00E9sar, Louis XIV, Samson, M\u00E9dor, Andersen, Apollon, Dieu, Au clair de "@fr . "\u56FA\u6709\u540D\u8A5E\uFF08\u3053\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044\u3057\u3001\u82F1: proper noun\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u540C\u4E00\u306E\u90E8\u985E\uFF08\u3064\u307E\u308A\u540C\u4E00\u30AB\u30C6\u30B4\u30EA\uFF09\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u500B\u3005\u306E\u4E8B\u7269\u3092\u4ED6\u3068\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u7279\u6709\u306E\u540D\u79F0\u3002\u540C\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u4E8B\u7269\u304B\u3089\u305D\u308C\u4EE5\u5916\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u306A\u3044\u4E00\u3064\u3092\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u305D\u308C\u306E\u307F\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u305F\u540D\u79F0\uFF08\u540D\u8A5E\uFF09\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u540D\u8A5E\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3001\u666E\u901A\u540D\u8A5E\u3068\u5BFE\u6BD4\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u56FA\u6709\u540D\u3068\u3082\u3002"@ja . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064A\u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u062F\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062A\u0647\u060C \u0648\u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0647."@ar . . . "\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u064A\u0639\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064B\u060C \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062E\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064A \u064A\u062F\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0627\u062A\u0647\u060C \u0648\u062F\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064A\u0646\u0629 \u062E\u0627\u0631\u062C\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0647."@ar . . . . . "\u56FA\u6709\u540D\u8A5E"@ja . . . "A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa, Jupiter, Sarah, Microsoft) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique (the Hendersons, the Everglades, the Azores, the Pleiades). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the Mozart experience; his Azores adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no Pavarotti; a few would-be Napoleons). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention. A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between proper nouns and proper names. By this strict distinction, because the term noun is used for a class of single words (tree, beauty), only single-word proper names are proper nouns: Peter and Africa are both proper names and proper nouns; but Peter the Great and South Africa, while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper noun phrases). The term common name is not much used to contrast with proper name, but some linguists have used the term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply names, but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called proper adjectives (or proper adverbs, and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name. Chastity, for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity is considered a unique abstract entity. Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named New Haven; Jupiter may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named Mata Hari, but so have a horse, a song, and three films; there are towns and people named Toyota, as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include the article the, as in the Netherlands, the Roaring Forties, or the Rolling Stones. A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named Rose is not a flower). If it had once been, it may no longer be so, for example, a location previously referred to as \"the new town\" may now have the proper name Newtown, though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town. In English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization; but the details are complex, and vary from language to language (French lundi, Canada, un homme canadien, un Canadien; English Monday, Canada, a Canadian man, a Canadian; Italian luned\u00EC, Canada, un uomo canadese, un canadese). The study of proper names is sometimes called onomastics or onomatology, while a rigorous analysis of the semantics of proper names is a matter for philosophy of language. Proper nouns are normally invariant for number: most are singular, but a few, referring for instance to mountain ranges or groups of islands, are plural (e.g. Hebrides). Typically, English proper nouns are not preceded by an article (such as the or a) or other determiner (such as that or those). Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of ellipsis (for instance, the three Kennedys = the three members of the Kennedy family) and metaphor (for instance, the new Gandhi, likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi)."@en . "Nazwy w\u0142asne, imi\u0119 w\u0142asne, onim (\u0142ac. nomina propria) \u2013 nazwy przys\u0142uguj\u0105ce jednostkom, w odr\u00F3\u017Cnieniu od nazw pospolitych, kt\u00F3re odnosz\u0105 si\u0119 do dowolnych klas jednostek (egzemplarzy okre\u015Blonej klasy przedmiot\u00F3w)."@pl . . "Ainmfhocal ar leith ar dhuine n\u00F3 rud indibhidi\u00FAil n\u00F3 ar \u00E1it amh\u00E1in agus a \u00FAs\u00E1idtear chun tagairt a dh\u00E9anamh don eintiteas sin is ea ainmfhocal d\u00EDlis, mar shampla Se\u00E1n; Corcaigh; Bran; Glanbia, le hais ainmfhocail choitianta, ar ainmfhocal \u00E9 a thagra\u00EDonn d\u2019 aicme eintiteas ( cathair, pl\u00E1in\u00E9ad, duine, corpar\u00E1id ) agus f\u00E9adfar \u00ED a \u00FAs\u00E1id agus t\u00FA ag tagairt do ch\u00E1sanna d'aicme ar leith ( cathair, pl\u00E1in\u00E9ad eile, na daoine seo, \u00E1r gcorpar\u00E1id ). Is f\u00E9idir ainmfhocail chu\u00ED a bheith in iarratais th\u00E1naisteacha freisin, mar shampla ainmfhocail a mhodhn\u00FA (an t-eisp\u00E9ireas Mozart ), n\u00F3 i r\u00F3l ainmfhocail choitianta (n\u00ED haon Pavarotti \u00E9). T\u00E1 fadhbanna leis an sainmh\u00EDni\u00FA mionsonraithe ar an t\u00E9arma agus, go pointe \u00E1irithe, \u00E1 rial\u00FA ag gcoinbhinsi\u00FAn. Is ainmneacha d\u00EDlse agus ainmfhocail d\u00EDlse iad araon Alastar M\u00F3r agus an Afraic Theas; De ghn\u00E1th d\u00E9antar idirdheal\u00FA sa teangeola\u00EDocht reatha idir ainmfhocail d\u00EDlse agus ainmneacha d\u00EDlse. De r\u00E9ir an idirdhealaithe dhian seo, toisc go n-\u00FAs\u00E1idtear an t\u00E9arma ainmfhocal d\u2019aicme d\u2019fhocail aonair (crann, \u00E1illeacht), is ainmfhocail dh\u00EDlse iad na hainmneacha d\u00EDlse aonfhoclacha amh\u00E1in. Is ainmneacha d\u00EDlse agus ainmfhocail d\u00EDlse iad araon 'Alastar' agus an 'Afraic'; ach c\u00E9 gur ainmneacha d\u00EDlse iad n\u00ED ainmfhocail d\u00EDlse iad.'Alastar M\u00F3r' agus an 'Aifric Theas' . N\u00ED \u00FAs\u00E1idtear m\u00F3r\u00E1n an t\u00E9arma ainm d\u00EDlis chun cuir i gcodarsnach leis an ainm d\u00EDlis, ach bhain roinnt teangeolaithe \u00FAs\u00E1id as an t\u00E9arma chun na cr\u00EDche sin. Uaireanta n\u00ED thugtar ach ainmneacha ar ainmneacha d\u00EDlse; ach is minic a \u00FAs\u00E1idtear an t\u00E9arma sin n\u00EDos leithne. Uaireanta tugtar aidiachta\u00ED d\u00EDlse (n\u00F3 dobhriathra d\u00EDlse, agus mar sin de) ar fhocail a dh\u00EDortha\u00EDtear \u00F3 ainmneacha d\u00EDlse, ach n\u00ED i dteoiric theangeola\u00EDoch pr\u00EDomhshrutha. N\u00ED ainm d\u00EDlis \u00E9 gach ainmfhocal d\u00EDlis n\u00F3 fr\u00E1sa ainmfhoclach a thagra\u00EDonn d'aon\u00E1n uath\u00FAil. Is ainmfhocail choitianta iad 'dorchadas' agus 'geanma\u00EDocht', fi\u00FA m\u00E1 mheastar gur eintitis teib\u00ED uath\u00FAla iad dorchadas agus geanma\u00EDocht."@ga . . . "Eigennaam"@nl . "Een eigennaam is een zelfstandig naamwoord waarmee een individuele persoon of zaak wordt aangeduid. Deze wordt onderscheiden van de soortnaam of het appellatief. De wetenschap die eigennamen bestudeert heet de naamkunde of onomastiek. De meeste eigennamen worden in talen die het Latijnse alfabet gebruiken met een hoofdletter geschreven. Hierdoor zijn ze in de schrijftaal goed herkenbaar. Het Duits vormt in dit opzicht een uitzondering: in deze taal worden alle zelfstandige naamwoorden met een hoofdletter geschreven. Eigennamen hebben vanwege hun identificerende functie de neiging zich te onttrekken aan taalverandering. De schrijfwijze van eigennamen kan dan ook spellingsconventies weerspiegelen die elders zijn verdwenen: Huydecooper (als soortnaam: huidenkoper), Cuijk (modern gespeld: Kuik), het Hooge Huys (als soortnaam: hoge huis). Ook omdat veel eigennamen in wetten en akten zijn vastgelegd, zijn ze immuun voor richtlijnen die de spelling van soortnamen en andere woorden regelen. Niet alle eigennamen worden met een hoofdletter geschreven: namen van (cultuur)historische perioden (middeleeuwen, barok) krijgen een kleine letter, evenals de namen van de maanden en de dagen van de week (maandag, januari). In andere talen gelden voor dergelijke eigennamen soms andere conventies. Daarnaast gelden er (ook binnen het Nederlands) specifieke uitzonderingen, zoals dEUS, iTunes en samenstellingen die in CamelCase geschreven worden. Vanouds gebeurt dit met bijvoorbeeld Schotse achternamen als McIntosh en McCartney, de zonen van Intosh en Cartney. Wanneer een term zowel als eigennaam als in woordvorm een eigen betekenis heeft, leidt verschillend hoofdlettergebruik gauw tot betekenisverschil. Volgens sommige interpretaties kan een Iberisch schiereiland Gibraltar of Punta Tarifa zijn, of het Iberisch Schiereiland zelf. Het Iberisch Schiereiland is dan alles onder de Pyrenee\u00EBn. Het komt voor dat er dingen of personen zijn die eenzelfde naam hebben. Meestal vormt dit geen probleem, maar soms moet de rechter eraan te pas komen om de verwarring te be\u00EBindigen."@nl . "\u0418\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435"@ru . . . . . . . . . . . "\u0418\u0301\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0301\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 (\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0441 \u043B\u0430\u0442. nomen proprium, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u044E \u043E\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044C \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u1F44\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BD), \u0441\u043E\u0301\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u0301\u043C\u044F, \u043E\u0301\u043D\u0438\u043C (\u043E\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u1F44\u03BD\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1 \u2014 \u0438\u043C\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435) \u2014 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E, \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044F \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442. \u0412 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u043C\u0451\u043D \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043B\u044E\u0431\u044B\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438. \u0412 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432, \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u043C. \u0418\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043B\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430. \u041E\u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442 \u043E\u043D\u0438\u043C\u044B \u0430\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043C, \u043F\u043E\u0434 \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u0438\u043C\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044C \u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430. \u0412 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043E\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0438 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0438\u043C \u043E\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043E\u043C, \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u00AB\u0430\u043F\u0435\u043B\u043B\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043D\u0430\u044F \u043B\u0435\u043A\u0441\u0438\u043A\u0430\u00BB \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u043E\u0432\u043F\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C \u00AB\u043D\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430\u00BB. \u0412 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0438\u043D\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432 \u043C\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043B\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043C\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043E\u0447\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0438 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u044B\u043C\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043C\u0438, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u0430 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043F\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441 \u043F\u0440\u043E\u043F\u0438\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u044B."@ru . "Vlastn\u00ED jm\u00E9no"@cs . . . . . . . . "Izen propioa edo izen berezia objektu bakar eta berezi bat izendatzen duen izen bat da, dagokion saileko atributuak oro har adierazten ez dituena. Adibidez izen propio dira Bilbo, Jupiter, Mikel edo Euskaltel. Izen arruntetaz ezberdintzen dira (adibidez hiri, planeta, pertsona edo enpresa) ez direlako klase bateko entitateak eta direlako klase berdineko beste elementu baten baliokideak (Bilbo hiria da, baina ez da Donostia; Jupiter planeta da, baina ez da Saturno; Mikel pertsona da, baina ez da Naiara; Euskaltel enpresa da, baina ez da Microsoft...)."@eu . "Els noms propis s\u00F3n paraules que es fan servir per identificar una cosa particular: persones, animals, lloc o altres objectes. Es difer\u00E8ncia dels noms comuns que anomenen tots els objectes de la mateixa classe o esp\u00E8cie. Es considera que els noms no volen dir gaire en si mateixos i es poden aplicar-se a molts individus, no solen ser \u00FAnics. L'onom\u00E0stica \u00E9s la branca de la ling\u00FC\u00EDstica que estudia els noms propis. Indiquen un individu particular, amb poc o gaire informaci\u00F3 sobre les seves caracter\u00EDstiques. La mateixa paraula pot ser un nom com\u00FA (exemple: lle\u00F3) o un nom propi: Lle\u00F3, signe del zodiac. En catal\u00E0, els noms propis solen tenir maj\u00FAscula inicial. La majoria no tenen forma de plural i l'article serveix per indicar-ne el nombre. Tamb\u00E9 hi ha noms propis que poden esdevenir noms comuns, com ara jersei que en un passat lluny\u00E0 provenia de l'illa de Jersey, i en l'operaci\u00F3 perd la maj\u00FAscula i pot obtenir una marca de plural. Els noms propis de persones no \u00E9s tradueixen, excepte personatges hist\u00F2rics, b\u00EDblics, mitol\u00F2gics i de ficci\u00F3, noms de reis, dinasties, papes i sants. El nom propi no \u00E9s \u00FAnic. Al nom s'afegeix per exemple el cognom. Aleshores, si fa menester, quan al context no palesa de qu\u00E8 o de qui es tracta se'ls distingeix per mitj\u00E0 d'altres elements. Quan aquest complement esdev\u00E9 fixe, rep la maj\u00FAscula: Pieter Brueghel el Vell. En topon\u00EDmia s\u00F3n freq\u00FCents els ep\u00EDtets geogr\u00E0fics \u00ABSanta Coloma\u00BB pot rebre \u00ABd'Andorra\u00BB, \u00ABde Cervell\u00F3\u00BB, \u00ABde Farners\u00BB, \u00ABde Gramenet\u00BB o \u00ABde Queralt\u00BB. En bases de dades i inform\u00E0tica hi ha moltes aplicacions que fan servir identificadors realment \u00FAnics: n\u00FAmero de s\u00E8rie, n\u00FAmero d'identificaci\u00F3 fiscal, n\u00FAmero VIAF\u2026 En el cas dels malnoms, el nom propi refereix a alguna caracter\u00EDstica d'un individu. Pot esdevenir un nom propi perqu\u00E8 s'aplica de forma molt preferent a l'esmentat individu: el \u00ABXarraire\u00BB, el \u00ABCapgr\u00F2s\u00BB no s\u00F3n qualsevol persona que xerra molt o que t\u00E9 el cap gros, respectivament, sin\u00F3 alg\u00FA que se l'anomena habitualment amb aquest malnom. Fins i tot, pot passar que el malnom tingui un origen ir\u00F2nic i que el \u00ABXarraire\u00BB sigui una persona molt eixuta, molt poc parladora."@ca . . . . . . . . "Nazwy w\u0142asne, imi\u0119 w\u0142asne, onim (\u0142ac. nomina propria) \u2013 nazwy przys\u0142uguj\u0105ce jednostkom, w odr\u00F3\u017Cnieniu od nazw pospolitych, kt\u00F3re odnosz\u0105 si\u0119 do dowolnych klas jednostek (egzemplarzy okre\u015Blonej klasy przedmiot\u00F3w)."@pl . . . "Nome proprio"@it . . . . "Propra nomo"@eo . . . . . . "\u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 (\u043E\u0301\u043D\u0456\u043C\u0438) \u2014 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043F\u043E\u043B\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044F, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u043F\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0430\u0454 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0446\u0438\u043F\u043B\u0456\u043D\u0430 \u043E\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043A\u0430. \u041D\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043C\u0456\u043D\u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u0454\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u0434\u043D\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0443 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438, \u043D\u0430\u0432\u043F\u0430\u043A\u0438, \u0456\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0456\u0437\u0443\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043E\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043A\u0442, \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0437\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0439\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0437 \u043A\u043B\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u0438\u0445.\u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0454 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u0456\u0445 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443. \u0412 \u0443\u043A\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0456 \u0432\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043F\u0438\u0448\u0443\u0442\u044C \u0437 \u0432\u0435\u043B\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043B\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438, \u0456\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u044E\u0442\u044C \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u0438\u043D\u0443 (\u0414\u0443\u043D\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u044F\u0437\u044C, \u041B\u044C\u0432\u0456\u0432), \u0430\u0431\u043E \u0442\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0438 \u043C\u043D\u043E\u0436\u0438\u043D\u0443 (\u041A\u0430\u0440\u043F\u0430\u0442\u0438, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043A\u0430\u0441\u0438, \u0421\u0443\u043C\u0438)."@uk . . . . . . . . . . "Ein Eigenname (lateinisch nomen proprium) benennt einzelne Dinge oder Wesen. Eigennamen bilden eine eigene Klasse von W\u00F6rtern. Zusammen mit den Gattungsnamen (nomina appellativa), den Sammelnamen (nomina collectiva) und den Stoffnamen (nomina materialia) bilden sie die Konkreta. Konkreta als Substantive haben eine Benennungsfunktion und \u00FCben im Gro\u00DFen und Ganzen dieselben Funktionen im Satz aus. Die Eigennamen weisen aber auf allen linguistischen Ebenen Besonderheiten auf. Die Abgrenzbarkeit und die Abgrenzung der Eigennamen von den Gattungsnamen ist im Einzelnen fraglich und strittig (siehe n\u00E4her unten zu Eigenname und Bedeutung). Der sprachwissenschaftliche Begriff ist unsch\u00E4rfer als der logische Begriff des Eigennamens. In der Logik sind Eigennamen (definitorisch) nur solche Ausdr\u00FCcke, die einen einzigen Gegenstand bezeichnen. Darunter fallen Eigennamen im engeren Sinn (z. B.: Alexander der Gro\u00DFe), definite Kennzeichnungen (z. B.: der Sohn des mazedonischen K\u00F6nigs Philipps II., der von 356 bis 323 v. Chr. lebte) und deiktische Ausdr\u00FCcke (z. B.: dieser Feldherr hier, der uns Bewohner von Artacoana in die Sklaverei verkaufte). Namen im Sinne der Logik sind nur Eigennamen. Mehrere Gegenst\u00E4nde bezeichnende Gattungsnamen sind im logischen Sinn keine Namen, sondern Pr\u00E4dikatoren (Pr\u00E4dikate im logischen Sinn). Im Mittelpunkt dieses Artikels stehen die sprachwissenschaftlichen Merkmale von Eigennamen. Historische und genealogische Gesichtspunkte von Eigennamen werden hingegen unter den Lemmata Name, Vorname und Familienname abgehandelt."@de . . . "Proper noun"@en . . . . . . "Ainmfhocal d\u00EDlis"@ga . "32031"^^ . . . . . . . . "Eigenname"@de . . "\u0418\u0301\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0301\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 (\u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u0441 \u043B\u0430\u0442. nomen proprium, \u043A\u043E\u0442\u043E\u0440\u043E\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043E\u044E \u043E\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044C \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0439 \u0441 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u1F44\u03BD\u03BF\u03BC\u03B1 \u03BA\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BD), \u0441\u043E\u0301\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0438\u0301\u043C\u044F, \u043E\u0301\u043D\u0438\u043C (\u043E\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447. \u1F44\u03BD\u03C5\u03BC\u03B1 \u2014 \u0438\u043C\u044F, \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435) \u2014 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E, \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0436\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043D\u0430\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0434\u043B\u044F \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u0435\u043D\u0438\u044F \u043A\u043E\u043D\u043A\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u044F\u0434\u0430 \u043E\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0442\u0438\u043F\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043E\u0432, \u0438\u043D\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443\u0430\u043B\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044F \u044D\u0442\u043E\u0442 \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u043A\u0442. \u0412 \u0441\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0445 \u0438\u043C\u0451\u043D \u043C\u043E\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044C \u043B\u044E\u0431\u044B\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438, \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043A\u043B\u0438, \u043F\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043B\u043E\u0433\u0438. \u0412 \u043E\u0442\u043B\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043E\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043B\u043E\u0432, \u0438\u043C\u044F \u0441\u043E\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u043D\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0430\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0435\u043F\u043E\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0441 \u043F\u043E\u043D\u044F\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043C, \u0435\u0433\u043E \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0435 \u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0432\u044F\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u043E\u0431\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u043C\u044B\u043C."@ru . . "Els noms propis s\u00F3n paraules que es fan servir per identificar una cosa particular: persones, animals, lloc o altres objectes. Es difer\u00E8ncia dels noms comuns que anomenen tots els objectes de la mateixa classe o esp\u00E8cie. Es considera que els noms no volen dir gaire en si mateixos i es poden aplicar-se a molts individus, no solen ser \u00FAnics. L'onom\u00E0stica \u00E9s la branca de la ling\u00FC\u00EDstica que estudia els noms propis. Indiquen un individu particular, amb poc o gaire informaci\u00F3 sobre les seves caracter\u00EDstiques."@ca . . . . "Propra nomo estas nomo apartenanta ekskluzive al iu a\u016D io, ekz. geografiaj nomoj (Londono, Budape\u015Dto, Azoroj), \u0109ielobjektoj (Luno), registritaj firmanomoj, markonomoj (Microsoft, Nike), historiaj personoj Aleksandro la Granda ktp. Ili oponi\u011Das al \u011Deneralaj komunaj nomoj el kiuj ili distingi\u011Das kiel partikulareco, tiele por Londono urbo, por Luno satelito ktp. Por marki tiun diferencon ili skribi\u011Das majuskle (kompreneble \u0109e la unua litero), dum la komunaj nomoj minuskle."@eo . . "\u0639\u0644\u0645 (\u0646\u062D\u0648)"@ar . . "Vlastn\u00ED jm\u00E9no (proprium) je speci\u00E1ln\u00ED , kter\u00FD m\u00E1 charakter podstatn\u00E9ho jm\u00E9na nebo pojmenovac\u00EDho spojen\u00ED, jeho\u017E funkc\u00ED je ozna\u010Dovat jedince, jednotlivinu nebo jako individuum ch\u00E1pan\u00E9 mno\u017Estv\u00ED, odli\u0161ovat je od ostatn\u00EDch jedinc\u016F nebo jednotlivin dan\u00E9 t\u0159\u00EDdy a identifikovat je jako jedine\u010Dn\u00E9 p\u0159edm\u011Bty \u0159e\u010Di. Opakem pojmu vlastn\u00ED jm\u00E9no je obecn\u00E9 jm\u00E9no, apelativum. Vlastn\u00EDmi jm\u00E9ny se zab\u00FDv\u00E1 obor zvan\u00FD onomastika."@cs . . "Um nome pr\u00F3prio \u00E9 um substantivo que distingue e identifica algo de forma espec\u00EDfica, como uma pessoa, um lugar ou entidade geogr\u00E1fica. Quando o nome pr\u00F3prio se refere a uma pessoa, \u00E9 chamado de antrop\u00F4nimo; quando se refere a um lugar ou acidente geogr\u00E1fico \u00E9 chamado de top\u00F4nimo. As pessoas recebem como nome pr\u00F3prio um ou mais prenomes e um ou mais sobrenomes ou apelidos de fam\u00EDlia. A onom\u00E1stica em geral e as mais espec\u00EDficas antropon\u00EDmia e topon\u00EDmia estudam os nomes, a origem e o significado, utilizando m\u00E9todos comuns \u00E0 lingu\u00EDstica e tamb\u00E9m pesquisas de car\u00E1ter hist\u00F3rico e antropol\u00F3gico. Na l\u00EDngua portuguesa, os nomes pr\u00F3prios devem ser escritos com letra inicial mai\u00FAscula."@pt . . . "Ein Eigenname (lateinisch nomen proprium) benennt einzelne Dinge oder Wesen. Eigennamen bilden eine eigene Klasse von W\u00F6rtern. Zusammen mit den Gattungsnamen (nomina appellativa), den Sammelnamen (nomina collectiva) und den Stoffnamen (nomina materialia) bilden sie die Konkreta. Konkreta als Substantive haben eine Benennungsfunktion und \u00FCben im Gro\u00DFen und Ganzen dieselben Funktionen im Satz aus. Die Eigennamen weisen aber auf allen linguistischen Ebenen Besonderheiten auf."@de . . . . . . "Nome pr\u00F3prio"@pt . "In linguistica, un nome proprio \u00E8 una notazione specifica adottata da una comunit\u00E0 o da un organismo amministrativo allo scopo di identificare e distinguere una persona (in questo caso si parla di antroponimo), un luogo o un'altra entit\u00E0 geografica (toponimo), una popolazione, una istituzione, un evento, un movimento culturale, un fenomeno sociale, un fenomeno oggetto di studio scientifico, una grandezza fisica, un'entit\u00E0 matematica (come un numero, una curva, una figura, o un teorema). Sul piano della denotazione, i nomi propri si distinguono, talora si giustappongono (e qualche volta si contrappongono) ai nomi comuni ed agli appellativi. In diverse lingue sono contraddistinti dall'iniziale maiuscola. Il nome proprio esprime il massimo di definitezza, in quanto individua univocamente un individuo. All'estremo opposto sta il pronome indefinito.Il diverso statuto di nomi comuni e nomi propri pu\u00F2 riflettersi sul piano morfosintattico. Tipicamente i nomi comuni possiedono un plurale e sono accompagnati da uno . Di contro, i nomi propri non hanno plurale e lo specificatore che li accompagna \u00E8 fisso o del tutto assente. Un importante punto di contatto tra nomi comuni e nomi propri sono le figure di antonomasia (le \"sineddoche d'individuo\", come le ha chiamate 1765-1844), dove un uso particolare dei determinatori trasforma un nome proprio in nome comune o viceversa (un Attila, il Poeta). L'onomastica in generale e le pi\u00F9 specifiche antroponimia, toponomastica ed etno-toponomastica studiano i nomi, le loro origini e il loro significato, sfruttando le metodologie proprie della linguistica e operando le necessarie ricerche di ordine storico e antropologico."@it . "A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa, Jupiter, Sarah, Microsoft) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique (the Hendersons, the Everglades, the Azores, the Pleiades). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the Mozart experience; his Azores adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no Pavarotti; a few would-be Napoleons). The detailed defi"@en . . . . . . . . "Izen propioa edo izen berezia objektu bakar eta berezi bat izendatzen duen izen bat da, dagokion saileko atributuak oro har adierazten ez dituena. Adibidez izen propio dira Bilbo, Jupiter, Mikel edo Euskaltel. Izen arruntetaz ezberdintzen dira (adibidez hiri, planeta, pertsona edo enpresa) ez direlako klase bateko entitateak eta direlako klase berdineko beste elementu baten baliokideak (Bilbo hiria da, baina ez da Donostia; Jupiter planeta da, baina ez da Saturno; Mikel pertsona da, baina ez da Naiara; Euskaltel enpresa da, baina ez da Microsoft...). Izen propioak normalki modu singularrean erabiltzen dira, baina badira ere pluralak direnak: Agirretarrak, Filipinak, Azoreak, Pleiadeak... Izen propioak ere izen arrunt gisa erabili daitezke: \"ez da Bilintx bat; Napoleon-gai bat...\""@eu . . "Nombre propio"@es . . "\u56FA\u6709\u540D\u8A5E\uFF08\u3053\u3086\u3046\u3081\u3044\u3057\u3001\u82F1: proper noun\uFF09\u3068\u306F\u3001\u540C\u4E00\u306E\u90E8\u985E\uFF08\u3064\u307E\u308A\u540C\u4E00\u30AB\u30C6\u30B4\u30EA\uFF09\u306B\u5C5E\u3059\u308B\u500B\u3005\u306E\u4E8B\u7269\u3092\u4ED6\u3068\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u3072\u3068\u3064\u3072\u3068\u3064\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u7279\u6709\u306E\u540D\u79F0\u3002\u540C\u7A2E\u985E\u306E\u4E8B\u7269\u304B\u3089\u305D\u308C\u4EE5\u5916\u306B\u5B58\u5728\u3057\u306A\u3044\u4E00\u3064\u3092\u533A\u5225\u3059\u308B\u305F\u3081\u306B\u3001\u305D\u308C\u306E\u307F\u306B\u4E0E\u3048\u3089\u308C\u305F\u540D\u79F0\uFF08\u540D\u8A5E\uFF09\u306E\u3053\u3068\u3002\u540D\u8A5E\u306E\u4E00\u7A2E\u3067\u3001\u666E\u901A\u540D\u8A5E\u3068\u5BFE\u6BD4\u3055\u308C\u308B\u3082\u306E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u3002\u56FA\u6709\u540D\u3068\u3082\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . "Nom propre"@fr . . . . . "Los nombres propios son sustantivos que se usan para designar a personas, lugares, eventos, empresas o cosas con un nombre singular.\u200B Hacen referencia al efecto de nombrar. Nombrar es designar o determinar ling\u00FC\u00EDsticamente un objeto o experiencia del mundo como tal, por tanto de manera \u00FAnica e irrepetible."@es . . . . . . . "\u0412\u043B\u0430\u0441\u043D\u0456 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438"@uk . "Propra nomo estas nomo apartenanta ekskluzive al iu a\u016D io, ekz. geografiaj nomoj (Londono, Budape\u015Dto, Azoroj), \u0109ielobjektoj (Luno), registritaj firmanomoj, markonomoj (Microsoft, Nike), historiaj personoj Aleksandro la Granda ktp. Ili oponi\u011Das al \u011Deneralaj komunaj nomoj el kiuj ili distingi\u011Das kiel partikulareco, tiele por Londono urbo, por Luno satelito ktp. Por marki tiun diferencon ili skribi\u011Das majuskle (kompreneble \u0109e la unua litero), dum la komunaj nomoj minuskle."@eo . . . "Nom propi"@ca . . . . "Nazwa w\u0142asna"@pl . "1123506908"^^ .