. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u53EF\u9760\u6027\u3001\u5BE6\u7528\u6027[\u5B9E\u7528\u6027]\u3001\u53EF\u7406\u89E3\u6027"@en . . "G\u016Bnw\u00E1"@en . . . . . "Mandarijn is de verzamelnaam van alle Mandarijnse taalvari\u00EBteiten. In China wordt het Guanhua, taal der ambtenaren/mandarijnen, genoemd. Kijkend naar het aantal moedertaalsprekers (910 miljoen mensen) is het de meest gesproken taal van de wereld. Het meest gesproken Mandarijnse dialect is het Standaardmandarijn, dat ook op scholen onderwezen wordt."@nl . . . . . . "Mandarin Chinese"@en . . "\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A"@ru . . . "t"@en . "Mandarim (chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u5B98\u8BDD; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u5B98\u8A71; pinyin: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; lit. \"fala dos oficiais\"; ou ainda, chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0; lit. \"dialetos do norte\") \u00E9 uma das varia\u00E7\u00F5es da l\u00EDngua chinesa falada na maior parte do norte e do sudoeste da China. Quando \u00E9 considerado um idioma separado, como frequentemente \u00E9 feito pela literatura acad\u00EAmica, o mandarim possui mais falantes do que qualquer outra l\u00EDngua. Na lingu\u00EDstica, o termo \"mandarim\" pode se referir a qualquer um dos dois conceitos distintos:"@pt . . "e22"@en . . . . . . . . . . "L\u00EDngua mandarim"@pt . . . "Bahasa Mandarin (Tradisional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71, Sederhana: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, Hanyu Pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, harfiah: \"bahasa percakapan Utara\" atau \u5317\u65B9\u65B9\u8A00 Hanyu Pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101ng F\u0101ngy\u00E1n, harfiah: \"dialek Utara\") adalah dialek Bahasa Tionghoa yang dituturkan di sepanjang utara dan barat daya Republik Rakyat Tiongkok/Cina. Kata \"Mandarin\", dalam bahasa Inggris (dan mungkin juga Indonesia), digunakan untuk menerjemahkan beberapa istilah Tionghoa yang berbeda yang merujuk kepada kategori-kategori bahasa Tionghoa lisan. Dalam pengertian yang sempit, Mandarin berarti Putonghua (Mandarin Sederhana) \u666E\u901A\u8BDD dan Guoyu (Mandarin Tradisional) \u570B\u8A9E yang merupakan dua bahasa standar yang hampir sama yang didasarkan pada bahasa lisan Beifanghua* (lihat di bawah). Putonghua adalah bahasa resmi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok/Cina dan Guoyu adalah bahasa resmi Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan. Putonghua - yang biasanya malah dipanggil Huayu - juga adalah salah satu dari empat bahasa resmi Singapura. Dalam pengertian yang luas, Mandarin berarti Beifanghua (secara harfiah berarti \"bahasa percakapan Utara\"), yang merupakan sebuah kategori yang luas yang mencakup beragam jenis dialek percakapan yang digunakan sebagai bahasa lokal di sebagian besar bagian utara dan barat daya Tiongkok, dan menjadi dasar bagi Putonghua (Mandarin Sederhana) dan Guoyu (Mandarin Tradisional). Beifanghua mempunyai lebih banyak penutur daripada bahasa apapun yang lainnya dan terdiri dari banyak jenis termasuk versi-versi yang sama sekali tidak dapat dimengerti. Seperti ragam-ragam bahasa Tionghoa lainnya, ada banyak orang yang berpendapat bahwa bahasa Mandarin itu merupakan semacam dialek, bukan bahasa. Maaf kalo salah."@in . "Mandarin (/\u02C8m\u00E6nd\u0259r\u026An/; simplified Chinese: \u5B98\u8BDD; traditional Chinese: \u5B98\u8A71; pinyin: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; lit. 'officials' speech') is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language of China. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese (simplified Chinese: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0; lit. 'northern speech'). Many varieties of Mandarin, such as those of the Southwest (including Sichuanese) and the Lower Yangtze, are not mutually intelligible with the standard language (or are only partially intelligible). Nevertheless, Mandarin as a group is often placed first in lists of languages by number of native speakers (with nearly one billion). Mandarin is by far the largest of the seven or ten Chinese dialect groups; it is spoken by 70 percent of all Chinese speakers over a large geographical area that stretches from Yunnan in the southwest to Xinjiang in the northwest and Heilongjiang in the northeast. This is generally attributed to the greater ease of travel and communication in the North China Plain compared to the more mountainous south, combined with the relatively recent spread of Mandarin to frontier areas. The second most spoken is Yue (\"Cantonese\" because it includes the Cantonese variety). Most Mandarin varieties have four tones. The final stops of Middle Chinese have disappeared in most of these varieties, but some have merged them as a final glottal stop. Many Mandarin varieties, including the Beijing dialect, retain retroflex initial consonants, which have been lost in southern varieties of Chinese. The Chinese capital has been within the Mandarin-speaking area for most of the last millennium, making these dialects very influential. Some form of Mandarin has served as a lingua franca for government officials and the courts since the 14th century. By the early 20th century, a standard form based on the Beijing dialect, with elements from other Mandarin dialects, was adopted as the national language. Standard Mandarin Chinese is the official language of the People's Republic of China and Taiwan, as well as one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is also used as one of the official languages of the United Nations. Recent increased migration from Mandarin-speaking regions of China and Taiwan has now resulted in the language being one of the more frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities. It is also the most commonly taught Chinese variety."@en . . . . . "Mandarijn (taal)"@nl . . . . . . . . . . "Mandar\u00ED"@ca . . . . . "J\u0119zyki mandary\u0144skie"@pl . . . . . "Bahasa Mandarin"@in . . . "Dungan"@en . "Xiao'erjing"@en . "Mandarin"@en . "82402"^^ . . . . . . . . "Mandarijn is de verzamelnaam van alle Mandarijnse taalvari\u00EBteiten. In China wordt het Guanhua, taal der ambtenaren/mandarijnen, genoemd. Kijkend naar het aantal moedertaalsprekers (910 miljoen mensen) is het de meest gesproken taal van de wereld. Het meest gesproken Mandarijnse dialect is het Standaardmandarijn, dat ook op scholen onderwezen wordt. Vaak wordt het Mandarijn ook gewoon Chinees genoemd. Toch bestaat er geen taal als 'het Chinees', daar dit een verzamelnaam is voor 14 talen. Deze talen, vaak (eigenlijk foutief) \"dialecten\" genoemd, kunnen net zoveel van elkaar verschillen als het Nederlands van het Deens. Het Mandarijn wordt in de noordelijke helft van China gesproken, met als centrum Peking. In het zuiden zijn andere talen als Kantonees van groter belang. Op Taiwan wordt traditioneel geen Mandarijn gesproken, maar het Standaardmandarijn is er nu toch de offici\u00EBle taal en wordt er met name gebruikt door immigranten vanaf het vasteland. Mandarijn wordt geschreven met het Chinees schrift, maar kan ook met het Latijnse alfabet worden geschreven. Hiervoor bestaan verschillende transcriptie-systemen. Tegenwoordig wordt meestal Hanyu pinyin gebruikt, de standaard-transcriptie van de Chinese overheid op het vasteland. Op Taiwan wordt vaak nog van andere transcriptie-systemen gebruikgemaakt."@nl . . . . . "2017"^^ . . "\u5B98\u8A71\uFF08\u304B\u3093\u308F\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u306E\u65B9\u8A00\u533A\u5206\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u3002\u540D\u79F0\u306F\u516C\u7528\u8A9E\u306E\u610F\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u53E4\u304F\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u30FB\u7D4C\u6E08\u30FB\u6587\u5316\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u304C\u3053\u306E\u65B9\u8A00\u306E\u4F7F\u7528\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u3042\u308A\u3001\u653F\u5B98\u754C\u3067\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3053\u3068\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002\u767D\u8A71\u5C0F\u8AAC\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3001\u8FD1\u73FE\u4EE3\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6A19\u6E96\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u56FD\u8A9E\u3001\u666E\u901A\u8A71\u3001\u83EF\u8A9E\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u5B98\u8A71\u65B9\u8A00\u3001\u5317\u65B9\u65B9\u8A00\u3001\u5317\u65B9\u8A71\u306A\u3069\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4F7F\u7528\u5730\u57DF\u306F\u5357\u65B9\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u307E\u3067\u53CA\u3076\u305F\u3081\u3001\u300C\u5317\u300D\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u7570\u8B70\u304C\u5531\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6B27\u7C73\u3067\u306F\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3\uFF08Mandarin\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Officials' speech"@en . . . . . . "Mandarin sphere.svg"@en . "Mandarin (spr\u00E5k)"@sv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . "Zh\u00E8ngy\u012Bn Sh\u016Byu\u00E0n"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty (\u010D\u00EDnsky v \u010Desk\u00E9m p\u0159episu Kuan-chua, pchin-jinem Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5B98\u8BDD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5B98\u8A71; \u010Desky \u00FA\u0159ednick\u00FD jazyk; p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B \u010D\u00EDnsky v \u010Desk\u00E9m p\u0159episu Pej-fang-chua, pchin-jinem B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; \u010Desky severn\u00ED jazyk) je skupina dialekt\u016F \u010D\u00EDn\u0161tiny, kter\u00E1 se pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B severn\u00ED a jihoz\u00E1padn\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny. Pokud bychom pova\u017Eovali severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty za jeden jazyk, pak by tento jazyk m\u011Bl nejv\u00EDce rodil\u00FDch mluv\u010D\u00EDch na sv\u011Bt\u011B \u2013 t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 miliardu. Severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty se staly z\u00E1kladem pro standardn\u00ED \u010D\u00EDn\u0161tinu, jej\u00ED\u017E v\u00FDslovnost je zalo\u017Eena na pekingsk\u00E9m dialektu a pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 tak\u00E9 mno\u017Estv\u00ED slovn\u00ED z\u00E1soby z ostatn\u00EDch severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00FDch dialekt\u016F."@cs . . . . . . . "mand1415"@en . "\u5317\u65B9\u8BDD"@en . . . . . . . . "Nord\u0109ina dialektaro"@eo . . . . "\u5B98\u8A71\uFF08\u304B\u3093\u308F\uFF09\u306F\u3001\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u306E\u65B9\u8A00\u533A\u5206\u306E\u4E00\u3064\u3002\u540D\u79F0\u306F\u516C\u7528\u8A9E\u306E\u610F\u3067\u3042\u308A\u3001\u53E4\u304F\u304B\u3089\u4E2D\u56FD\u306E\u653F\u6CBB\u30FB\u7D4C\u6E08\u30FB\u6587\u5316\u306E\u4E2D\u5FC3\u304C\u3053\u306E\u65B9\u8A00\u306E\u4F7F\u7528\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u3042\u308A\u3001\u653F\u5B98\u754C\u3067\u4F7F\u308F\u308C\u305F\u3053\u3068\u306B\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308B\u3002\u767D\u8A71\u5C0F\u8AAC\u306B\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308C\u3001\u8FD1\u73FE\u4EE3\u306B\u304A\u3051\u308B\u6A19\u6E96\u4E2D\u56FD\u8A9E\u3067\u3042\u308B\u56FD\u8A9E\u3001\u666E\u901A\u8A71\u3001\u83EF\u8A9E\u306E\u57FA\u790E\u3068\u306A\u3063\u305F\u3002\u5B98\u8A71\u65B9\u8A00\u3001\u5317\u65B9\u65B9\u8A00\u3001\u5317\u65B9\u8A71\u306A\u3069\u3068\u3082\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002\u4F7F\u7528\u5730\u57DF\u306F\u5357\u65B9\u5730\u57DF\u306B\u307E\u3067\u53CA\u3076\u305F\u3081\u3001\u300C\u5317\u300D\u3068\u3059\u308B\u3053\u3068\u306B\u7570\u8B70\u304C\u5531\u3048\u3089\u308C\u308B\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308B\u3002\u6B27\u7C73\u3067\u306F\u30DE\u30F3\u30C0\u30EA\u30F3\uFF08Mandarin\uFF09\u3068\u547C\u3070\u308C\u308B\u3002"@ja . . . . . . . . "\u82B1\u5320\u3001\u6CB9\u6F06\u5320\u3001\u6728\u5320"@en . . . "Countries where Mandarin is spoken as L1 or L2"@en . . . . "\uAD00\uD654(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uAC04\uCCB4\uC790: \u5B98\u8BDD, \uC815\uCCB4\uC790: \u5B98\u8A71, \uBCD1\uC74C: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0)\uB294 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uC758 \uBC29\uC5B8 \uC911 \uD558\uB098\uC774\uB2E4. \uBD81\uBC29\uC5B4(\u5317\u65B9\u8A9E) \uB610\uB294 \uBCA0\uC774\uD321\uD654(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uAC04\uCCB4\uC790: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, \uC815\uCCB4\uC790: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71, \uBCD1\uC74C: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0)\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uBA70, \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC11C\uC591\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uB9CC\uB2E4\uB9B0(Mandarin)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC2DD \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C \uCCAD\uC744 \uAC74\uAD6D\uD55C \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC871\uC774 \uC911\uAD6D\uC778\uC744 \uD1B5\uCE58\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC2DD \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uBC29\uC5B8\uC774 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uC815\uAE30\uAD00\uC758 \uD45C\uC900 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBD81\uBC29\uC5B4\uC758 \uC885\uB958\uB294 \uBD81\uBC29\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uB0A8\uBC29\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uC11C\uBD81\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uC11C\uB0A8\uAD00\uD654\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB300\uD45C\uAC00 \uB418\uB294 \uBC29\uC5B8\uC740 \uBCA0\uC774\uC9D5\uC5B4, \uB09C\uC9D5\uC5B4, , \uB465\uBCA0\uC774\uC5B4, , \uB4F1\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . . "L2 speakers: million"@en . . . . . . . "J\u0119zyki mandary\u0144skie \u2013 grupa j\u0119zyk\u00F3w, kt\u00F3rymi, wed\u0142ug sinolog\u00F3w chi\u0144skich, m\u00F3wi 70% populacji etnicznych Chi\u0144czyk\u00F3w. Najwa\u017Cniejszym jej przedstawicielem jest standardowy j\u0119zyk mandary\u0144ski (w ChRL nazywany \u666E\u901A\u8A71 p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0 \u201Epowszechny j\u0119zyk\u201D, natomiast na Tajwanie \u570B\u8A9E gu\u00F3y\u01D4 \u201Ej\u0119zyk narodowy\u201D), czyli standardowy m\u00F3wiony j\u0119zyk chi\u0144ski, wyniesiony do rangi j\u0119zyka pa\u0144stwowego Chin, cz\u0119sto po prostu nazywany j\u0119zykiem mandary\u0144skim. Pozosta\u0142e odmiany w tej grupie maj\u0105 charakter lokalny i, z drobnymi wyj\u0105tkami, nie u\u017Cywaj\u0105 pisma. Co do bardziej szczeg\u00F3\u0142owego podzia\u0142u j\u0119zyk\u00F3w mandary\u0144skich na podgrupy nie ma w\u015Br\u00F3d sinolog\u00F3w zgody. Istnieje jednak zgoda co do tego, \u017Ce do j\u0119zyk\u00F3w mandary\u0144skich zalicza\u0107 nale\u017Cy (w kolejno\u015Bci alfabetycznej \u2013 nazwy cz\u0119sto pochodz\u0105 od nazwy obszaru, na kt\u00F3rym danego j\u0119zyka si\u0119 u\u017Cywa): Anqing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuyang, Guiyang, Guilin, Hefei, Huangtong, Jinan, Jiuquan, Kunming, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Hankou, Huaiyang, Nankin, Qingdao, Qufu, j\u0119zyk Pekinu, Shenyang, Taiy\u00FCan, Wuhan, Wuwei, Xi\u2019an, Xinyang, Xuzhou, Yantai, Yingchuan, Yuncheng, Zhangye, Zhengzhou. Okre\u015Blenie \u201Emandary\u0144ski\u201D pochodzi od dawnej europejskiej nazwy chi\u0144skiego urz\u0119dnika \u2013 mandaryn. Po chi\u0144sku j\u0119zyki mandary\u0144skie okre\u015Bla si\u0119 terminem \u5B98\u8A71 gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 \u2013 dos\u0142ownie \u201Emowa urz\u0119dnik\u00F3w\u201D, a potocznie tak\u017Ce \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 \u2013 \u201Emowa p\u00F3\u0142nocnych Chin\u201D."@pl . . . . . . . . "common speech"@en . "\u8001\u982D[\u8001\u5934]\u3001\u8001\u95C6[\u8001\u677F]\u3001\u8001\u5E2B[\u8001\u5E08]"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "most of Northern and Southwestern China"@en . . "Severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty (\u010D\u00EDnsky v \u010Desk\u00E9m p\u0159episu Kuan-chua, pchin-jinem Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5B98\u8BDD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5B98\u8A71; \u010Desky \u00FA\u0159ednick\u00FD jazyk; p\u0159\u00EDpadn\u011B \u010D\u00EDnsky v \u010Desk\u00E9m p\u0159episu Pej-fang-chua, pchin-jinem B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, znaky zjednodu\u0161en\u00E9 \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, tradi\u010Dn\u00ED \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; \u010Desky severn\u00ED jazyk) je skupina dialekt\u016F \u010D\u00EDn\u0161tiny, kter\u00E1 se pou\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1 ve v\u011Bt\u0161in\u011B severn\u00ED a jihoz\u00E1padn\u00ED \u010C\u00EDny. Pokud bychom pova\u017Eovali severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty za jeden jazyk, pak by tento jazyk m\u011Bl nejv\u00EDce rodil\u00FDch mluv\u010D\u00EDch na sv\u011Bt\u011B \u2013 t\u00E9m\u011B\u0159 miliardu."@cs . . . . "El mandar\u00ED \u00E9s una llengua sin\u00EDtica. La varietat estandarditzada del mandar\u00ED \u00E9s alhora la llengua oficial de la Rep\u00FAblica Popular de la Xina i de la Rep\u00FAblica de la Xina, aix\u00ED com de Singapur (on \u00E9s cooficial amb l'angl\u00E8s, el t\u00E0mil i el malai), i tamb\u00E9 \u00E9s parlat a Indon\u00E8sia (Java i Bali), Mal\u00E0isia (pen\u00EDnsula de Malaca), Brunei, el Vietnam, Laos, Cambotja, Tail\u00E0ndia, les Filipines, Mong\u00F2lia, R\u00FAssia (part asi\u00E0tica), L\u00EDbia, Maurici, Mo\u00E7ambic, Z\u00E0mbia, Estats Units, Canad\u00E0, Austr\u00E0lia i el Regne Unit. \u00C9s una de les sis lleng\u00FCes oficials de les Nacions Unides. Amb 845 milions de parlants (com a llengua materna, i 915 comptant els que l'utilitzen com a llengua vehicular) \u00E9s, de fet, la llengua m\u00E9s parlada del m\u00F3n."@ca . . . . . . "79"^^ . . . . "\u53EF\u4FE1\u3001\u53EF\u7B11\u3001\u53EF\u9760"@en . . "Northern speech"@en . . . "no"@en . "Le mandarin (/m\u0251\u0303.da.\u0281\u025B\u0303/ ; chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u5B98\u8BDD ; chinois traditionnel : \u5B98\u8A71 ; pinyin : gu\u0101n hu\u00E0, \u00AB langue des officiels \u00BB, chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD ; chinois traditionnel : \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 ; pinyin : b\u011Bif\u0101ng hu\u00E0, \u00AB parlers du Nord \u00BB), parfois sous les termes chinois voire p\u00E9kinois, est une cat\u00E9gorie des langues chinoises parl\u00E9e dans le nord-est et le sud-ouest de la Chine continentale. Envisag\u00E9e comme une langue, c'est celle qui compte le plus grand nombre de locuteurs natifs dans le monde. Il s'\u00E9crit au moyen des sinogrammes et on le transcrit maintenant le plus souvent en pinyin, mais aussi en zhuyin (bopomofo). M\u00EAme s'il est maintenant enseign\u00E9 \u00E0 tous les Chinois, certains Chinois plus \u00E2g\u00E9s ne parlent pas le mandarin mais d'autres langues chinoises, comme le cantonais. Le mandarin, que les dirigeants communistes ont d\u00E9sign\u00E9 comme la langue v\u00E9hiculaire de leur nation enti\u00E8re en une version standardis\u00E9e (d\u00E9nomm\u00E9e \u666E\u901A\u8A71 p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0, \u00AB langue commune \u00BB), \u00E9tait d'abord celle de communaut\u00E9s chinoises du nord du pays. Bien que poss\u00E9dant une ancienne histoire litt\u00E9raire, elle ne d\u00E9rive pas de la langue \u00E9crite classique litt\u00E9raire et artificielle (\u6587\u8A00 w\u00E9ny\u00E1n), abandonn\u00E9e en 1919 apr\u00E8s avoir \u00E9t\u00E9 utilis\u00E9e comme langue \u00E9crite officielle et litt\u00E9raire pendant plus de deux mille ans : en effet, c'est d'une langue vernaculaire parl\u00E9e (\u767D\u8A71 b\u00E1ihu\u00E0, \u00AB langue simple \u00BB) que le mandarin proc\u00E8de. En fran\u00E7ais comme dans les langues europ\u00E9ennes, le mandarin fait r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 deux concepts distincts : \n* le chinois standard ou mandarin standard (P\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0/Zh\u014Dngw\u00E9n/Gu\u00F3y\u01D4/Hu\u00E1y\u01D4/H\u00E0ny\u01D4), qui est bas\u00E9 sur le dialecte mandarin de P\u00E9kin. Le mandarin standard est la langue officielle en R\u00E9publique populaire de Chine, en R\u00E9publique de Chine (Ta\u00EFwan) et l'une des quatre langues de Singapour. Le chinois, en pratique le mandarin standard, est une des six langues officielles des Nations unies ; \n* les diff\u00E9rents dialectes parl\u00E9s au nord, au centre et au sud-est de la Chine continentale. Ce groupe de dialectes est l'objet du pr\u00E9sent article. En 1956, c'est la variante de P\u00E9kin qui est promue au rang de langue officielle. On la consid\u00E8re souvent comme la variante standard de cette langue. Le mandarin de P\u00E9kin poss\u00E8de cependant des sp\u00E9cificit\u00E9s (comme l'utilisation fr\u00E9quente de la r\u00E9troflexion vocalique not\u00E9e au moyen du suffixe -er) et on dit souvent que les P\u00E9kinois ont un \u00AB accent \u00BB. Le mandarin d'un Ta\u00EFwanais est donc un peu diff\u00E9rent de celui d'un P\u00E9kinois. En dehors de la Chine d'importantes communaut\u00E9s chinoises partagent cette langue, qui est enseign\u00E9e dans de nombreux lyc\u00E9es et universit\u00E9s de par le monde. Comme les autres langues chinoises, c'est une langue \u00E0 tons. Elle utilise quatre ton\u00E8mes, qui changent le sens du mot, haut et plat, montant, descendant l\u00E9g\u00E8rement puis remontant (modul\u00E9) et descendant. Les tons sont repr\u00E9sent\u00E9s en Chine par les accents sur les voyelles des syllabes de l'\u00E9criture romanis\u00E9e dite pinyin et, \u00E0 Ta\u00EFwan, par les m\u00EAmes accents sur les graph\u00E8mes du bopomofo. On utilise aussi le num\u00E9ro du ton \u00E0 la fin de la syllabe quand les contraintes techniques emp\u00EAchent d'entrer ou de lire les accents. Au quotidien, \u00AB mandarin \u00BB fait g\u00E9n\u00E9ralement r\u00E9f\u00E9rence au mandarin standard (Putonghua/Guoyu). \u00C0 l'\u00E9tranger, le mandarin constitue un groupe de dialectes, dont l'intelligibilit\u00E9 mutuelle est variable. Ce groupe de parlers est l'objet d'une reconnaissance \u00E9tablie chez les linguistes mais qui n'est pas n\u00E9cessairement reconnue en dehors des cercles acad\u00E9miques. Lorsqu'on interroge un locuteur d'un dialecte mandarin, il ne reconna\u00EEtra pas normalement qu'il parle une variante du mandarin mais sa variante locale (dialecte du Sichuan, dialecte du nord-est, etc.), en le consid\u00E9rant comme diff\u00E9rent du \u00AB mandarin standard \u00BB (p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0). Il n'aura pas n\u00E9cessairement conscience que les linguistes classent leur dialecte comme une forme du \u00AB mandarin \u00BB au sens linguistique ou vu de l'\u00E9tranger."@fr . "Mandarin Chinese"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "\u666E\u901A\u8BDD"@en . . . . "Mandarin Chinese"@en . . "\u7B2C\u4E8C\u3001\u7B2C\u4E00"@en . "\u03A4\u03B1 \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC (: \u5B98\u8BDD\u00B7 : \u5B98\u8A71\u00B7 \u03C0\u03B9\u03BD\u03B3\u03AF\u03BD: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0\u00B7 \u03BA\u03C5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC: \u00AB\u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03C3\u03AE\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD\u00BB) \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5\u03B6\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C0\u03BF\u03C5 \u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BB\u03B5\u03AF\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B2\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1\u03C2 \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BD\u03BF\u03C4\u03B9\u03BF\u03B4\u03C5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AE\u03C2 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1. \u0397 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B1 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BB\u03B1\u03BC\u03B2\u03AC\u03BD\u03B5\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF \u03C4\u03BF\u03C5 \u03A0\u03B5\u03BA\u03AF\u03BD\u03BF\u03C5, \u03C4\u03B7 \u03B2\u03AC\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0395\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03AE \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u0395\u03C0\u03AF\u03C3\u03B7\u03BC\u03C9\u03BD \u039A\u03B9\u03BD\u03B5\u03B6\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD. \u0395\u03C0\u03B5\u03B9\u03B4\u03AE \u03BF\u03B9 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B2\u03C1\u03AF\u03C3\u03BA\u03BF\u03BD\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03BF \u03B2\u03BF\u03C1\u03C1\u03AC, \u03B7 \u03BF\u03BC\u03AC\u03B4\u03B1 \u03B1\u03BD\u03B1\u03C6\u03AD\u03C1\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03BC\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C6\u03BF\u03C1\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C9\u03C2 \u03BF\u03B9 \u0392\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B4\u03B9\u03AC\u03BB\u03B5\u03BA\u03C4\u03BF\u03B9 (\u5317\u65B9\u8BDD\u00B7 b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0). \u03A0\u03BF\u03BB\u03BB\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03AD\u03C2 \u03C0\u03BF\u03B9\u03BA\u03B9\u03BB\u03AF\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03B4\u03B5\u03BD \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03B1\u03BC\u03BF\u03B9\u03B2\u03B1\u03AF\u03B1 \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03B1\u03BD\u03BF\u03B7\u03C4\u03AD\u03C2. \u03A0\u03B1\u03C1 '\u03CC\u03BB\u03B1 \u03B1\u03C5\u03C4\u03AC, \u03C4\u03B1 \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B5\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C5\u03C7\u03BD\u03AC \u03C4\u03BF\u03C0\u03BF\u03B8\u03B5\u03C4\u03B7\u03BC\u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03C0\u03C1\u03CE\u03C4\u03B1 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03BB\u03AF\u03C3\u03C4\u03B5\u03C2 \u03B3\u03BB\u03C9\u03C3\u03C3\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03AC \u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03B8\u03BC\u03CC \u03B3\u03B7\u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03CE\u03BD \u03BF\u03BC\u03B9\u03BB\u03B7\u03C4\u03CE\u03BD (\u03BC\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03B4\u03CC\u03BD \u03AD\u03BD\u03B1 \u03B4\u03B9\u03C3\u03B5\u03BA\u03B1\u03C4\u03BF\u03BC\u03BC\u03CD\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF)."@el . . . . "150"^^ . . . . "Kuo\u00B2-y\u00FC\u00B3"@en . "El mandar\u00ED \u00E9s una llengua sin\u00EDtica. La varietat estandarditzada del mandar\u00ED \u00E9s alhora la llengua oficial de la Rep\u00FAblica Popular de la Xina i de la Rep\u00FAblica de la Xina, aix\u00ED com de Singapur (on \u00E9s cooficial amb l'angl\u00E8s, el t\u00E0mil i el malai), i tamb\u00E9 \u00E9s parlat a Indon\u00E8sia (Java i Bali), Mal\u00E0isia (pen\u00EDnsula de Malaca), Brunei, el Vietnam, Laos, Cambotja, Tail\u00E0ndia, les Filipines, Mong\u00F2lia, R\u00FAssia (part asi\u00E0tica), L\u00EDbia, Maurici, Mo\u00E7ambic, Z\u00E0mbia, Estats Units, Canad\u00E0, Austr\u00E0lia i el Regne Unit. \u00C9s una de les sis lleng\u00FCes oficials de les Nacions Unides. Amb 845 milions de parlants (com a llengua materna, i 915 comptant els que l'utilitzen com a llengua vehicular) \u00E9s, de fet, la llengua m\u00E9s parlada del m\u00F3n."@ca . "Il cinese mandarino (Cinese semplificato: \u5B98\u8BDD; cinese tradizionale: \u5B98\u8A71 pinyin: gu\u0101n hu\u00E0) o cinese settentrionale (cinese tradizionale: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; Cinese semplificato: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDDS, B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0P, letteralmente \"lingua del nord\"), talvolta indicato anche come lingua mandarina, \u00E8 una famiglia di parlate locali originarie del nord-est della Cina e appartenenti al pi\u00F9 ampio ceppo delle lingue cinesi. Molte variet\u00E0 di mandarino, come quelle del sud-ovest (compreso il Sichuanese) e del Basso Yangtze (inclusa la vecchia capitale Nanchino), sono in parte o del tutto mutualmente inintelligibili con la lingua standard. Tuttavia, il mandarino \u00E8 spesso posizionato al primo posto negli elenchi di lingue per numero di madrelingua (con quasi un miliardo). Al 2022, il cinese mandarino (che include il cinese moderno standard) \u00E8 parlato da 1,118 miliardi di parlanti totali. Il mandarino \u00E8 di gran lunga il pi\u00F9 grande dei sette o dieci gruppi dialettali cinesi, parlato dal 70% o pi\u00F9 di tutti i parlanti cinesi su una vasta area geografica, che si estende dallo Yunnan nel sud-ovest allo Xinjiang nel nord-ovest e Heilongjiang nel nord-est. Ci\u00F2 \u00E8 generalmente attribuito alla maggiore facilit\u00E0 di viaggio e comunicazione nella pianura della Cina settentrionale rispetto al sud pi\u00F9 montuoso, combinata con la diffusione relativamente recente del mandarino nelle aree di frontiera. La maggior parte delle variet\u00E0 di mandarino ha quattro toni. Le fermate finali del Cinese Medio sono scomparse nella maggior parte di queste variet\u00E0, ma alcune le hanno unite come sosta glottale finale. Molte variet\u00E0 di mandarino, incluso il dialetto di Pechino, conservano consonanti iniziali retroflesse, che sono state perse nelle variet\u00E0 meridionali del cinese. Se interrogato, un madrelingua di un dialetto mandarino normalmente non riconoscer\u00E0 di parlare una variante del mandarino, ma la sua variante locale (dialetto del Sichuan, dialetto nord-orientale, ecc.), considerandolo diverso dal \"mandarino standard\" (putonghua). Il madrelingua non sar\u00E0 necessariamente consapevole che i linguisti classificano il suo dialetto come una forma di \"mandarino\" in senso linguistico o visto dall'estero. La capitale cinese \u00E8 stata nell'area del mandarino per la maggior parte dell'ultimo millennio, rendendo questi dialetti molto influenti. Per esempio, la Dinastia Yuan durante il khanato mongolo spost\u00F2 la capitale a Pechino e, dopo che i Ming la spostarono a Nanchino, i Qing la ripristinarono a Pechino, che \u00E8 la capitale pure della Repubblica Popolare Cinese. Al cinese mandarino appartiene il Dialetto di Pechino, che forma la base per la pronuncia del cinese moderno standard (la grammatica \u00E8 ispirata in larga parte al Baihua), lingua ufficiale della Repubblica Popolare Cinese, Singapore e Taiwan e una delle sei lingue ufficiali dell'ONU e delle lingue dell'ASEAN (Associazione delle Nazioni del Sud-est Asiatico). La versione standard \u00E8 affiancata ai numerosi dialetti cinesi come il cantonese e lo shanghainese, l'Hakka e i vari hokkien. Il mandarino, che i leader comunisti designavano come lingua franca dell'intera nazione in una versione standardizzata (indicata come \u666E\u901A\u8A71 p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0, \"lingua comune\"), era inizialmente quello delle comunit\u00E0 cinesi nel nord del paese. Pur possedendo una storia letteraria antica, non deriva dalla lingua letteraria classica scritta (\u6587\u8A00 w\u00E9ny\u00E1n), abbandonata nel 1919 dopo essere stata usata come lingua scritta ufficiale e letteraria per pi\u00F9 di duemila anni: anzi, \u00E8 da un vernacolo parlato (\u767D\u8A71 b\u00E1ihu\u00E0, \"linguaggio semplice\") che procede il mandarino sia come grammatica che come pronuncia."@it . "\u3105\u311F\u02C7\u3108\u3124 \u310F\u3128\u311A\u02CB"@en . . . . "Mandarin (langue)"@fr . . . . . . . . "Mandarin ist die sprecherreichste unter den chinesischen Sprachen bzw. Dialektgruppen. Es ist die Muttersprache von etwa 70 % der Han-Chinesen. Mit ca. 898 Millionen Sprechern ist es die Sprache mit den weltweit meisten Muttersprachlern. Das Wort \u201EMandarin\u201C ist nicht chinesischen, sondern malaiisch-portugiesischen Ursprungs und ist eine westliche Bezeichnung der hohen Staatsbeamten im Kaiserreich China w\u00E4hrend der Ming- und Qing-Dynastie. Die chinesische Bezeichnung der Sprache ist Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 (chinesisch \u5B98\u8A71 / \u5B98\u8BDD), was mit \u201EBeamtensprache\u201C \u00FCbersetzt werden kann. Alternativ wird auch von B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (\u5317\u65B9\u8A71 / \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD \u2013 \u201ESprache des Nordens\u201C, ) gesprochen, was etwa als \u201ENordchinesisch\u201C \u00FCbersetzt werden kann, obwohl das Verbreitungsgebiet weit \u00FCber den Norden Chinas hinausgeht. Mandarin ist ein Oberbegriff der Dialekte mit nordchinesischem Ursprung; es k\u00F6nnen linguistisch acht untergeordnete Dialektgruppen unterschieden werden. Als Muttersprache verbreitet ist Mandarin in China n\u00F6rdlich des Jangtse sowie in einem G\u00FCrtel s\u00FCdlich des Flusses von Qiujiang (Jiangxi) bis Zhenjiang (Jiangsu), in der Provinz Hubei mit Ausnahme des s\u00FCd\u00F6stlichen Zipfels, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, dem Nordwesten von Guangxi und dem Nordwesten von Hunan. Der Peking-Dialekt des Mandarin bildet die Grundlage f\u00FCr das standardisierte Hochchinesisch, welches man gew\u00F6hnlich in Peking mit Putonghua (\u666E\u901A\u8A71 / \u666E\u901A\u8BDD, p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0 \u2013 \u201Eallgemeine Sprache\u201C) bezeichnet. Jeder Teil Chinas hat einen lokalen Dialekt und spricht Mandarin mit einem lokalen Akzent."@de . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062F\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: \u5B98\u8A71)\u060C \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . "\u56FD\u8BED"@en . "El chino mandar\u00EDn, o simplemente mandar\u00EDn (en chino tradicional, \u5B98\u8A71; en chino simplificado, \u5B98\u8BDD; pinyin, gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; literalmente, \u2018el habla oficial\u2019), es un idioma formado por el conjunto de dialectos sin\u00EDticos mutuamente inteligibles que se hablan en el norte, centro y suroeste de China. El t\u00E9rmino chino es, en pinyin, b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (Tradicional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 / simplificado: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, \u00ABhabla del norte\u00BB). Con m\u00E1s de 1100 millones de hablantes, es la principal forma hablada del chino, as\u00ED como la lengua con mayor n\u00FAmero de hablantes nativos y la segunda en n\u00FAmero de hablantes totales del mundo. El mandar\u00EDn es muy diferente de las lenguas chinas del sur, como el canton\u00E9s o el wu, puesto que no son dialectos del mandar\u00EDn, sino idiomas distintos. El mandar\u00EDn no debe confundirse con el h\u00E0ny\u01D4, que incluye otras len"@es . "Chino mandar\u00EDn"@es . . . . "\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062F\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629"@ar . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u5B98\u8A71, \u0441\u043F\u0440. \u5B98\u8BDD, \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432), \u0430\u0431\u043E \u041F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F (\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0449.: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; \u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434.: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, \u0431\u0435\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430) \u2014 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0430 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456. \u0406\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u043E-\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0456\u043C'\u0457. \u0423 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0443\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0443\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u041F\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u043E\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0456, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043F\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u041E\u041E\u041D. \u041C\u0430\u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0443 \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456. \u0421\u0432\u043E\u0454\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044F\u0447\u0443\u0454 \u00AB\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u00BB, \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0457\u0457 \u044F\u043A \u0443\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u043A\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F."@uk . "B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0"@en . . "Mandarin ist die sprecherreichste unter den chinesischen Sprachen bzw. Dialektgruppen. Es ist die Muttersprache von etwa 70 % der Han-Chinesen. Mit ca. 898 Millionen Sprechern ist es die Sprache mit den weltweit meisten Muttersprachlern. Als Muttersprache verbreitet ist Mandarin in China n\u00F6rdlich des Jangtse sowie in einem G\u00FCrtel s\u00FCdlich des Flusses von Qiujiang (Jiangxi) bis Zhenjiang (Jiangsu), in der Provinz Hubei mit Ausnahme des s\u00FCd\u00F6stlichen Zipfels, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, dem Nordwesten von Guangxi und dem Nordwesten von Hunan."@de . . . . . . . "\uAD00\uD654(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uAC04\uCCB4\uC790: \u5B98\u8BDD, \uC815\uCCB4\uC790: \u5B98\u8A71, \uBCD1\uC74C: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0)\uB294 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uC758 \uBC29\uC5B8 \uC911 \uD558\uB098\uC774\uB2E4. \uBD81\uBC29\uC5B4(\u5317\u65B9\u8A9E) \uB610\uB294 \uBCA0\uC774\uD321\uD654(\uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uAC04\uCCB4\uC790: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, \uC815\uCCB4\uC790: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71, \uBCD1\uC74C: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0)\uB77C\uACE0\uB3C4 \uD558\uBA70, \uC911\uAD6D\uC5D0\uC11C \uB9E4\uC6B0 \uAD11\uBC94\uC704\uD558\uAC8C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uACE0 \uC788\uB2E4. \uC11C\uC591\uC5D0\uC11C\uB294 \uBCF4\uD1B5 \uB9CC\uB2E4\uB9B0(Mandarin)\uC774\uB77C\uACE0 \uD558\uB294 \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC2DD \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C \uCCAD\uC744 \uAC74\uAD6D\uD55C \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC871\uC774 \uC911\uAD6D\uC778\uC744 \uD1B5\uCE58\uD558\uAE30 \uC704\uD574\uC11C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uD55C \uB9CC\uC8FC\uC2DD \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4 \uBC29\uC5B8\uC774 \uAE30\uC6D0\uC73C\uB85C \uD589\uC815\uAE30\uAD00\uC758 \uD45C\uC900 \uC911\uAD6D\uC5B4\uB85C \uC0AC\uC6A9\uB418\uC5C8\uB2E4. \uBD81\uBC29\uC5B4\uC758 \uC885\uB958\uB294 \uBD81\uBC29\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uB0A8\uBC29\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uC11C\uBD81\uAD00\uD654\uC640 \uC11C\uB0A8\uAD00\uD654\uAC00 \uC788\uB2E4. \uB300\uD45C\uAC00 \uB418\uB294 \uBC29\uC5B8\uC740 \uBCA0\uC774\uC9D5\uC5B4, \uB09C\uC9D5\uC5B4, , \uB465\uBCA0\uC774\uC5B4, , \uB4F1\uC774 \uC788\uB2E4."@ko . "Mandarin"@en . "Mandarinera edo mandarin txinera (txinera tradizionalez: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; txinera sinplifikatuz: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; pinyinez: b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, eusk: \"iparraldeko hizkera\") Txina ipar, erdi eta hego-mendebaldean hitz egiten diren txineraren dialekto (hizkuntza) taldea da. Orokorrean, txinera erabiltzean mandarin txinerari buruz ari gara. 836 milioi hiztun baino gehiago ditu."@eu . . "\u91CD\u505A\u3001\u91CD\u5EFA\u3001\u91CD\u65B0"@en . . 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\u0391\u03C5\u03C4\u03CC \u03B3\u03B5\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03B1\u03C0\u03BF\u03B4\u03AF\u03B4\u03B5\u03C4\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5\u03B3\u03B1\u03BB\u03CD\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03B7 \u03B5\u03C5\u03BA\u03BF\u03BB\u03AF\u03B1 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u03C4\u03B1\u03BE\u03B9\u03B4\u03B9\u03CE\u03BD \u03BA\u03B1\u03B9 \u03C4\u03B7\u03C2 \u03B5\u03C0\u03B9\u03BA\u03BF\u03B9\u03BD\u03C9\u03BD\u03AF\u03B1\u03C2 \u03C3\u03C4\u03B7\u03BD \u03A0\u03B5\u03B4\u03B9\u03BD\u03AE \u0392\u03CC\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03B1 \u039A\u03AF\u03BD\u03B1, \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03CD\u03B3\u03BA\u03C1\u03B9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03BF\u03BD \u03BF\u03C1\u03B5\u03B9\u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03B5\u03C1\u03BF \u03BD\u03CC\u03C4\u03BF, \u03C3\u03B5 \u03C3\u03C5\u03BD\u03B4\u03C5\u03B1\u03C3\u03BC\u03CC \u03BC\u03B5 \u03C4\u03B7 \u03C3\u03C7\u03B5\u03C4\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03C0\u03C1\u03CC\u03C3\u03C6\u03B1\u03C4\u03B7 \u03B5\u03BE\u03AC\u03C0\u03BB\u03C9\u03C3\u03B7 \u03C4\u03C9\u03BD \u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03CE\u03BD \u03C3\u03C4\u03B9\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B1\u03C1\u03B1\u03BC\u03B5\u03B8\u03CC\u03C1\u03B9\u03B5\u03C2 \u03C0\u03B5\u03C1\u03B9\u03BF\u03C7\u03AD\u03C2."@el . "Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0"@en . . "\u6B63\u97F3\u66F8\u9662"@en . . . . . . . . . . ""@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Cinese mandarino (variet\u00E0 linguistica)"@it . . . . . . . . . "\u5317\u65B9\u8A71"@en . . . . . . . "Mandarim (chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u5B98\u8BDD; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u5B98\u8A71; pinyin: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; lit. \"fala dos oficiais\"; ou ainda, chin\u00EAs simplificado: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; chin\u00EAs tradicional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0; lit. \"dialetos do norte\") \u00E9 uma das varia\u00E7\u00F5es da l\u00EDngua chinesa falada na maior parte do norte e do sudoeste da China. Quando \u00E9 considerado um idioma separado, como frequentemente \u00E9 feito pela literatura acad\u00EAmica, o mandarim possui mais falantes do que qualquer outra l\u00EDngua. Na lingu\u00EDstica, o termo \"mandarim\" pode se referir a qualquer um dos dois conceitos distintos: \n* Chin\u00EAs padr\u00E3o ou mandarim padr\u00E3o (Putonghua / Guoyu / Huayu / Hanyu), que \u00E9 baseado no dialeto espec\u00EDfico do mandarim falado em Pequim. O mandarim padr\u00E3o funciona como a l\u00EDngua oral oficial da Rep\u00FAblica Popular da China, da Rep\u00FAblica da China, e \u00E9 um dos quatro idiomas oficiais de Singapura. O \"chin\u00EAs\" - na pr\u00E1tica, o mandarim padr\u00E3o - \u00E9 uma das seis l\u00EDnguas oficiais das Na\u00E7\u00F5es Unidas. \n* Cada um dos , falados no norte e sudoeste da China. Este grupo de dialetos \u00E9 o foco deste artigo. No uso cotidiano, o termo mandarim se refere normalmente apenas ao mandarim padr\u00E3o (Putonghua/Guoyu). Num sentido mais amplo, o mandarim \u00E9 um grupo diverso de dialetos muito pr\u00F3ximos linguisticamente, alguns menos mutuamente intelig\u00EDveis que outros. \u00C9 um agrupamento definido e utilizado principalmente por linguistas, e n\u00E3o \u00E9 comumente utilizado fora dos c\u00EDrculos acad\u00EAmicos, ou como forma de autodescri\u00E7\u00E3o. Em vez disso, quando perguntados sobre a forma oral do idioma que est\u00E1 utilizando, o chin\u00EAs que fale uma forma n\u00E3o padr\u00E3o do mandarim descrever\u00E1 a variante que est\u00E1 falando, por exemplo, mandarim do sudoeste ou mandarim do nordeste, e consider\u00E1-lo diferente do mandarim padr\u00E3o (putonghua); podem nem mesmo reconhecer que o idioma que falam \u00E9 categorizado pelos linguistas como uma forma de mandarim, neste sentido mais amplo do termo. N\u00E3o existe uma identidade comum \"mandarim\" baseada no idioma; em vez disso, existem fortes identidades regionais, centradas em cada um dos dialetos individuais, devido \u00E0 ampla distribui\u00E7\u00E3o geogr\u00E1fica e diversidade cultural de seus falantes. Deve-se ressaltar tamb\u00E9m que, apesar de seu uso difundido no Ocidente, a maior parte dos falantes nativos de mandarim s\u00E3o relutantes em reconhecer o termo mandarim para descrever o idioma, j\u00E1 que a palavra n\u00E3o reflete qualquer origem chinesa; em vez disso, costuma-se referir \u00E0 l\u00EDngua simplesmente como 'chin\u00EAs padr\u00E3o'. Como todas as outras variantes do chin\u00EAs, existem diversas controv\u00E9rsias sobre se o mandarim deve ser considerado um idioma ou um dialeto."@pt . . . . "Chinese characters"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Is gr\u00FApa can\u00FAint\u00ED \u00ED an Mhandair\u00EDnis n\u00F3 Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 (teanga na st\u00E1tseirbh\u00EDseach), B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (can\u00FAint an Tuaiscirt). Ar an Mandair\u00EDnis at\u00E1 an tS\u00EDnis chaighde\u00E1nach bunaithe. Labhra\u00EDtear na can\u00FAint\u00ED seo ar fud thuaisceart na S\u00EDne, agus is f\u00E9idir difr\u00EDochta\u00ED suntasacha a aithint idir na fo-chan\u00FAint\u00ED \u00E9ags\u00FAla. Is \u00ED caint na pr\u00EDomhchathrach is bun\u00FAs leis an gcaighde\u00E1n, ach is leagan saibhrithe den chan\u00FAint sin \u00E9, agus tionchar na S\u00EDnise Clasaic\u00ED le haithint air freisin. T\u00E1 Mandair\u00EDnis ag breis is 1.3 billi\u00FAn duine (885 milli\u00FAn \u00F3 dh\u00FAchas). Cine\u00E1l Mandair\u00EDnise at\u00E1 i gceist leis an Dung\u00E1inis freisin. Teanga chaighde\u00E1naithe ar leith \u00ED agus \u00ED \u00E1 scr\u00EDobh leis na litreacha Coireallacha cos\u00FAil leis an R\u00FAisis. Labhra\u00EDtear an Dung\u00E1inis sa Chirgeast\u00E1in agus sa Chasacst\u00E1in, agus Moslamaigh iad lucht a labhartha. An cine\u00E1l S\u00EDnise at\u00E1 i gceist leis an Dung\u00E1inis is ionann \u00E9 go bun\u00FAsach agus an leagan den Mhandair\u00EDnis a chloisfe\u00E1 sa d\u00E1 ch\u00FAige \u00FAd Shaanxi agus Gansu sa tS\u00EDn f\u00E9in. Is l\u00E9ir \u00E1fach go bhfuair an Dung\u00E1inis a l\u00E1n focal ar iasacht \u00F3n R\u00FAisis i mblianta an tS\u00F3iv\u00E9adachais. Is iad na fochan\u00FAint\u00ED is t\u00E1bhachta\u00ED a aithn\u00EDtear n\u00E1: \n* Mandair\u00EDnis an Oirthuaiscirt, an cine\u00E1l Mandair\u00EDnise a labhra\u00EDtear sa Mhanch\u00FAir. T\u00E1 s\u00ED s\u00E1ch c\u00F3ngarach don teanga chaighde\u00E1nach. \n* Mandair\u00EDnis Beijing, agus an cine\u00E1l Mandair\u00EDnise a labhra\u00EDtear timpeall na pr\u00EDomhchathrach: can\u00FAint\u00ED Chengde agus Hebei mar shampla. Is \u00ED seo an chan\u00FAint is c\u00F3ngara\u00ED don chaighde\u00E1n. Labhra\u00EDtear can\u00FAint\u00ED cos\u00FAla ina l\u00E1n \u00E1iteanna eile de thoradh na himirce inmhe\u00E1na\u00ED. An chan\u00FAint a chloistear i dtuaisceart Xinjiang mar shampla t\u00E1 s\u00ED an-chos\u00FAil le S\u00EDnis Beijing. \n* Can\u00FAint Ji-Lu. Can\u00FAint \u00ED seo a labhra\u00EDtear i Hebei agus Shandong. i gcathair Tianjin mar shampla. Is f\u00E9idir a l\u00E1n difr\u00EDochta\u00ED a aithint idir \u00ED agus S\u00EDnis Beijing, agus b\u00EDonn s\u00E9 deacair ag muintir Beijing an chan\u00FAint seo a thuiscint. \n* Can\u00FAint Jiao-Liao, n\u00F3 can\u00FAint an d\u00E1 leithinis - Jiaodong agus Liaodong. N\u00EDl s\u00ED chomh dothuigthe ag muintir Beijing agus can\u00FAint Ji-Lu, ach mar sin is can\u00FAint ar leith \u00ED. Seo \u00ED an chan\u00FAint a chloisfe\u00E1 i Weihai (Port Edward, mar a thugadh muintir an Iarthair ar an \u00E1it fad\u00F3) agus i L\u00FCshun-Dalian (Port Arthur). \n* Can\u00FAint Zhongyuan, n\u00F3 can\u00FAint an Mhachaire L\u00E1ir. Leis an bhfochan\u00FAint seo a bhaineann an Dung\u00E1inis. Labhra\u00EDtear na can\u00FAint\u00ED seo i Henan, i l\u00E1r Shaanxi agus i ndeisceart Xinjiang. \n* Can\u00FAint Lan-Yin. Labhra\u00EDtear in Gansu agus i dtuaisceart Xinjiang \u00ED. \n* Can\u00FAint Jiang-Huai. Labhra\u00EDtear an chan\u00FAint seo i Jiangsu, Anhui agus i Nanjing, mar shampla. T\u00E1 an chan\u00FAint seo cu\u00EDosach deacair ag muintir Beijing, ach is \u00E9 an tionchar l\u00E1idir \u00F3n m\u00F3rchan\u00FAint neamh-Mhandair\u00EDnise \u00FAd Wu is c\u00FAis leis an dothuigtheacht sin. Is \u00ED can\u00FAint Wu an cine\u00E1l S\u00EDnise is m\u00F3 a shamhla\u00EDtear le Shang-hai. \n* Mandair\u00EDnis an Iardheiscirt."@ga . "Kuan1-hua4"@en . . . . ""@en . "million"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Il cinese mandarino (Cinese semplificato: \u5B98\u8BDD; cinese tradizionale: \u5B98\u8A71 pinyin: gu\u0101n hu\u00E0) o cinese settentrionale (cinese tradizionale: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; Cinese semplificato: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDDS, B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0P, letteralmente \"lingua del nord\"), talvolta indicato anche come lingua mandarina, \u00E8 una famiglia di parlate locali originarie del nord-est della Cina e appartenenti al pi\u00F9 ampio ceppo delle lingue cinesi. Molte variet\u00E0 di mandarino, come quelle del sud-ovest (compreso il Sichuanese) e del Basso Yangtze (inclusa la vecchia capitale Nanchino), sono in parte o del tutto mutualmente inintelligibili con la lingua standard. Tuttavia, il mandarino \u00E8 spesso posizionato al primo posto negli elenchi di lingue per numero di madrelingua (con quasi un miliardo)."@it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "officials' speech"@en . . . "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u5B98\u8A71, \u0441\u043F\u0440. \u5B98\u8BDD, \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0456\u0432), \u0430\u0431\u043E \u041F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u0456\u0447\u043D\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u044F (\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0449.: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; \u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434.: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; \u043F\u0456\u043D\u044C\u0457\u043D\u044C: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, \u0431\u0435\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430) \u2014 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0430 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0438, \u044F\u043A\u0438\u043C\u0438 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043B\u044F\u044E\u0442\u044C \u043D\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0447\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043F\u0456\u0432\u0434\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043E\u0434\u0456 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044E, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043A\u043E\u0436 \u0432 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u0430\u0441\u043F\u043E\u0440\u0456. \u0406\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043B\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043D\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u043E\u043A\u0440\u0435\u043C\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043D\u043E-\u0442\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u0457 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u043E\u0457 \u0441\u0456\u043C'\u0457. \u0423 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u0443\u043C\u0456\u043D\u043D\u0456 \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0440\u043E\u0437\u043C\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0443\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430, \u044F\u043A\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u043D\u0430 \u041F\u0435\u043A\u0456\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u043E\u043C\u0443 \u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u0456 \u0456 \u0432\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043E\u0432\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044C\u0441\u044F \u044F\u043A \u043E\u0444\u0456\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043D\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0439 \u043D\u0430\u0440\u043E\u0434\u043D\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0456, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043F\u0443\u0431\u043B\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439, \u0421\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043F\u0443\u0440\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u041E\u041E\u041D. \u041C\u0430\u0454 \u043D\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0443 \u043A\u0456\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0456\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0446\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0456. \u0421\u0432\u043E\u0454\u044E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u043E\u044E \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0434\u044F\u0447\u0443\u0454 \u00AB\u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0430\u043C\u00BB, \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0438\u043C \u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u043A\u0430\u043C, \u044F\u043A\u0456 \u0432\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043B\u0438 \u0457\u0457 \u044F\u043A \u0443\u043D\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u0443 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0443 \u0441\u043F\u0456\u043B\u043A\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043D\u043D\u044F."@uk . . . . "\u6559\u5E2B[\u6559\u5E08]\u3001\u53A8\u5E2B[\u53A8\u5E08]\u3001\u5F8B\u5E2B[\u5F8B\u5E08]"@en . . . . . . . "cmn"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Mandarin (/\u02C8m\u00E6nd\u0259r\u026An/; simplified Chinese: \u5B98\u8BDD; traditional Chinese: \u5B98\u8A71; pinyin: Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; lit. 'officials' speech') is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language of China. Because Mandarin originated in North China and most Mandarin dialects are found in the north, the group is sometimes referred to as Northern Chinese (simplified Chinese: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; traditional Chinese: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0; lit. 'northern speech'). Many varieties of Mandarin, such as those of the Southwest (including Sichuanese) and the Lower Yangtze, are not mutually intelligible with the standard language (or are only partially intelligible). Ne"@en . "Northern Chinese"@en . . . . . "\u310D\u3128\u3122 \u310F\u3128\u311A\u02CB"@en . . . . . "\u0421\u0450\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0301\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u2014 \u043A\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043D\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0445 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u043E\u0432 (\u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043F\u043F\u0430 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u0430), \u043E\u0431\u044A\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043D\u044F\u044E\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u043B\u0438\u0437\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043A \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u044B, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043F\u0440\u043E\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0451\u043D\u043D\u044B\u0435 \u043D\u0430 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F. \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u044F\u0432\u043B\u044F\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044F \u0441\u0430\u043C\u044B\u043C \u0443\u043F\u043E\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u044B\u043C \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043D\u0435. \u0415\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u0431\u043E\u043B\u044C\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043A\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0433\u043E \u041A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044F \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0443\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430; \u0432 \u0413\u0443\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0443\u043D\u0435, \u0413\u043E\u043D\u043A\u043E\u043D\u0433\u0435, \u041C\u0430\u043A\u0430\u043E \u0438 \u043D\u0430 \u0422\u0430\u0439\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0433\u043E\u044E\u0439; \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043F\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u2014 \u043A\u0430\u043A \u0445\u0443\u0430\u044E\u0439. \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u044F \u2014 \u0431\u044D\u0439\u0444\u0430\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430 (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u5317\u65B9\u8A71, \u0443\u043F\u0440. \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E: \u00AB\u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0430\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044C\u00BB) \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0433\u0443\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0445\u0443\u0430 (\u043A\u0438\u0442. \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434. \u5B98\u8A71, \u0443\u043F\u0440. \u5B98\u8BDD, \u043F\u0438\u043D\u044C\u0438\u043D\u044C Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0, \u0431\u0443\u043A\u0432\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E: \u00AB\u0447\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u043D\u0438\u0447\u044C\u044F \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044C\u00BB). \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A \u0442\u0430\u043A\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u043D\u0433\u0430\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A, \u0432\u044B\u0434\u0435\u043B\u044F\u0435\u043C\u044B\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u043A\u043B\u044E\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043B\u044C\u043D\u043E \u044D\u0442\u043D\u043E\u0441\u043E\u0446\u0438\u043E\u043B\u0438\u043D\u0433\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043A\u0438. \u0412 \u0437\u0430\u043F\u0430\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0439 \u043B\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u043E\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043E\u0431\u044B\u0447\u043D\u043E \u043D\u0430\u0437\u044B\u0432\u0430\u044E\u0442 \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D, \u0438\u043B\u0438 \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 (\u0430\u043D\u0433\u043B. Mandarin Chinese). \u041D\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043D\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043E\u0437\u043D\u0438\u043A\u043B\u043E \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043A\u0430\u043B\u044C\u043A\u0430 c \u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0433\u0443\u0430\u043D\u044C\u0445\u0443\u0430 \u2014 \u00AB\u0440\u0435\u0447\u044C \u043C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u043E\u0432\u00BB. \u0412 \u0420\u043E\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0433\u043E\u0432\u043E\u0440\u044F \u00AB\u043A\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0441\u043A\u0438\u0439 \u044F\u0437\u044B\u043A\u00BB, \u043A\u0430\u043A \u043F\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043B\u043E, \u0438\u043C\u0435\u044E\u0442 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0438\u043C\u0435\u043D\u043D\u043E \u0435\u0433\u043E \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043D\u043E\u0441\u0442\u044C \u043B\u0438\u0431\u043E \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043D\u0443\u044E \u0444\u043E\u0440\u043C\u0443 \u2014 \u043F\u0443\u0442\u0443\u043D\u0445\u0443\u0430 (\u0441\u043E\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043D\u0430 \u0432 \u041A\u041D\u0420 \u043D\u0430 \u043E\u0441\u043D\u043E\u0432\u0435 \u043F\u0435\u043A\u0438\u043D\u0441\u043A\u043E\u0433\u043E \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043B\u0435\u043A\u0442\u0430 \u0432 50\u201460 \u0433\u043E\u0434\u044B XX \u0432\u0435\u043A\u0430)."@ru . . . . . "Mandarinera edo mandarin txinera (txinera tradizionalez: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71; txinera sinplifikatuz: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD; pinyinez: b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, eusk: \"iparraldeko hizkera\") Txina ipar, erdi eta hego-mendebaldean hitz egiten diren txineraren dialekto (hizkuntza) taldea da. Orokorrean, txinera erabiltzean mandarin txinerari buruz ari gara. 836 milioi hiztun baino gehiago ditu. Mandarin estandarra, Txinako Herri Errepublika, Taiwan, Singapur eta Nazio Batuetan ofiziala dena, Pekingo dialektoan oinarritzen da: hiri hartan hitz egiten den mandarineraren aldaera da. Txinerazko aldaera guztien hiztunek komunikaziorako mintzaira komun gisan erabil dezaten ari da saiatzen gobernua; beraz, herri erakundeetan, hedabideetan eta eskoletan erabiltzen da."@eu . . . . . . "northern speech"@en . . . . . "Bahasa Mandarin (Tradisional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71, Sederhana: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, Hanyu Pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, harfiah: \"bahasa percakapan Utara\" atau \u5317\u65B9\u65B9\u8A00 Hanyu Pinyin: B\u011Bif\u0101ng F\u0101ngy\u00E1n, harfiah: \"dialek Utara\") adalah dialek Bahasa Tionghoa yang dituturkan di sepanjang utara dan barat daya Republik Rakyat Tiongkok/Cina. Kata \"Mandarin\", dalam bahasa Inggris (dan mungkin juga Indonesia), digunakan untuk menerjemahkan beberapa istilah Tionghoa yang berbeda yang merujuk kepada kategori-kategori bahasa Tionghoa lisan."@in . . . . . . . . . . . . "Is gr\u00FApa can\u00FAint\u00ED \u00ED an Mhandair\u00EDnis n\u00F3 Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 (teanga na st\u00E1tseirbh\u00EDseach), B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (can\u00FAint an Tuaiscirt). Ar an Mandair\u00EDnis at\u00E1 an tS\u00EDnis chaighde\u00E1nach bunaithe. Labhra\u00EDtear na can\u00FAint\u00ED seo ar fud thuaisceart na S\u00EDne, agus is f\u00E9idir difr\u00EDochta\u00ED suntasacha a aithint idir na fo-chan\u00FAint\u00ED \u00E9ags\u00FAla. Is \u00ED caint na pr\u00EDomhchathrach is bun\u00FAs leis an gcaighde\u00E1n, ach is leagan saibhrithe den chan\u00FAint sin \u00E9, agus tionchar na S\u00EDnise Clasaic\u00ED le haithint air freisin. T\u00E1 Mandair\u00EDnis ag breis is 1.3 billi\u00FAn duine (885 milli\u00FAn \u00F3 dh\u00FAchas). Is iad na fochan\u00FAint\u00ED is t\u00E1bhachta\u00ED a aithn\u00EDtear n\u00E1:"@ga . . . . . . . "Two-Cell Chinese Braille\n\nTranscriptions:"@en . . . "st"@en . . "\u666E\u901A\u8A71"@en . . . . . . "Gu\u00F3y\u01D4"@en . "19359"^^ . . . . . . . . . "1120803467"^^ . . "\u039C\u03B1\u03BD\u03B4\u03B1\u03C1\u03B9\u03BD\u03B9\u03BA\u03AC \u03BA\u03B9\u03BD\u03AD\u03B6\u03B9\u03BA\u03B1"@el . . . "written in Chinese characters"@en . . . "\uAD00\uD654"@ko . . . . . "Severo\u010D\u00EDnsk\u00E9 dialekty"@cs . "IPA"@en . . . . . . "El chino mandar\u00EDn, o simplemente mandar\u00EDn (en chino tradicional, \u5B98\u8A71; en chino simplificado, \u5B98\u8BDD; pinyin, gu\u0101nhu\u00E0; literalmente, \u2018el habla oficial\u2019), es un idioma formado por el conjunto de dialectos sin\u00EDticos mutuamente inteligibles que se hablan en el norte, centro y suroeste de China. El t\u00E9rmino chino es, en pinyin, b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (Tradicional: \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 / simplificado: \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD, \u00ABhabla del norte\u00BB). Con m\u00E1s de 1100 millones de hablantes, es la principal forma hablada del chino, as\u00ED como la lengua con mayor n\u00FAmero de hablantes nativos y la segunda en n\u00FAmero de hablantes totales del mundo. El mandar\u00EDn es muy diferente de las lenguas chinas del sur, como el canton\u00E9s o el wu, puesto que no son dialectos del mandar\u00EDn, sino idiomas distintos. El mandar\u00EDn no debe confundirse con el h\u00E0ny\u01D4, que incluye otras lenguas chinas (de la etnia han), especialmente en su forma escrita. Se estima que para el a\u00F1o 2050 el idioma mandar\u00EDn tendr\u00E1 1.300 millones de hablantes, y que para el a\u00F1o 2100 tendr\u00E1 1.600 millones de hablantes.\u200B Por extensi\u00F3n, el t\u00E9rmino mandar\u00EDn se utiliza tambi\u00E9n para designar a la lengua china normativa u oficial, llamada \u00ABp\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0\u00BB (\u666E\u901A\u8A71 / \u666E\u901A\u8BDD \u00ABhabla de comunicaci\u00F3n com\u00FAn\u00BB) en la Rep\u00FAblica Popular China, gu\u00F3y\u01D4 (\u570B\u8A9E / \u56FD\u8BED, \u00ABlengua nacional\u00BB) en Taiw\u00E1n y hu\u00E1y\u01D4 (\u83EF\u8A9E / \u534E\u8BED, \u00ABlengua china\u00BB) en Singapur, Malasia e Indonesia. Esta lengua es hablada tambi\u00E9n en pa\u00EDses que tienen gran cantidad de inmigrantes chinos, como Venezuela, Per\u00FA, Canad\u00E1, Australia, Cuba, Brasil, Estados Unidos, Jap\u00F3n, M\u00E9xico, Espa\u00F1a , Reino Unido , Chile, Paraguay, Colombia o Panam\u00E1. Esta lengua est\u00E1ndar moderna se empez\u00F3 a configurar a principios del siglo XX, y est\u00E1 basada fundamentalmente en la variedad pequinesa del mandar\u00EDn, el b\u011Bij\u012Bnghu\u00E0 (\u5317\u4EAC\u8A71 / \u5317\u4EAC\u8BDD, \u00ABhabla pequinesa\u00BB). La palabra espa\u00F1ola \"mandar\u00EDn\" (del portugu\u00E9s mandarim, del malayo menteri, del s\u00E1nscrito mantr\u012B, mantrin, que significa 'ministro o consejero') designaba originalmente a un funcionario de los imperios Ming y Qing. Como sus variedades nativas eran a menudo ininteligibles entre s\u00ED, estos funcionarios se comunicaban utilizando una lengua koin\u00E9 basada en diversas variedades del norte. Cuando los misioneros jesuitas aprendieron esta lengua est\u00E1ndar en el siglo XVI, la llamaron \"mandar\u00EDn\", por su nombre chino Gu\u0101nhu\u00E0 (\u5B98\u8BDD/\u5B98\u8A71) o 'lengua de los funcionarios'."@es . . "\u5B98\u8A71"@ja . . . . . . . . . . . "\u7159\u9B3C\u3001\u9152\u9B3C\u3001\u80C6\u5C0F\u9B3C"@en . . . . "Pei3-fang1-hua4"@en . . . "\u4F5C\u5BB6\u3001\u79D1\u5B78\u5BB6[\u79D1\u5B66\u5BB6]\u3001\u85DD\u8853\u5BB6[\u827A\u672F\u5BB6]"@en . . "\u5B98\u8BDD"@zh . . . . "La nord\u0109ina dialektaro (a\u016D Mandarena lingvo, norm\u0109ine B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (\u5317\u65B9\u8BDD la\u016D simpligita skribo, \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 la\u016D tradicia skribo)) estas aro de dialektoj kutime grupitaj kiel unu lingvo de lingvosciencistoj; ili estas parolataj en la norda kaj sud-okcidenta \u0108inujo kaj al ili apartenas interalie la norma \u0109ina lingvo. Anka\u016D la dungana lingvo parolata \u0109efe en Kirgizujo apartenas al la nord\u0109ina dialektaro. Subgrupoj de la nordaj dialektoj estas la nord-orienta dialektaro (interalie parolata en Pekino) kaj la nord-okcidenta dialektaro. La\u016D Ethnologue, en la jaro 2000 estis 845,456,760 denaskaj parolantoj de nord\u0109inaj dialektoj, kaj 178,000,000 dualingvaj parolantoj. \u0108ar oni konsideras la dialektaron kiel unu lingvon, temas pri la plej multe parolata lingvo en la mondo. Oni notu, ke en la \u0109ina mem ne estas iu ekvivalento al la esprimo Mandarena lingvo. Oni klare distingas, \u0109u oni parolas pri la norma \u0109ina lingvo (P\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0) a\u016D \u0109u oni parolas pri la nord\u0109ina dialektaro (B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0)."@eo . . . . . . . . . . . . "cmn" . "B\u0101kf\u014Dngw\u00E1"@en . "\u5B98\u8BDD"@en . . . . . . . . "\u041C\u0430\u043D\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043D\u0441\u044C\u043A\u0430 \u043C\u043E\u0432\u0430"@uk . . "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062F\u0631\u0627\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062F\u0631\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0629: \u5B98\u8A71)\u060C \u0647\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063A\u0627\u062A \u0627\u0644\u062A\u064A \u064A\u062A\u062D\u062F\u062B \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646\u064A\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064A \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062C\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063A\u0631\u0628\u064A\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062C\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064A\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064A\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064A\u0629."@ar . . . . . . . . . "Le mandarin (/m\u0251\u0303.da.\u0281\u025B\u0303/ ; chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u5B98\u8BDD ; chinois traditionnel : \u5B98\u8A71 ; pinyin : gu\u0101n hu\u00E0, \u00AB langue des officiels \u00BB, chinois simplifi\u00E9 : \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD ; chinois traditionnel : \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 ; pinyin : b\u011Bif\u0101ng hu\u00E0, \u00AB parlers du Nord \u00BB), parfois sous les termes chinois voire p\u00E9kinois, est une cat\u00E9gorie des langues chinoises parl\u00E9e dans le nord-est et le sud-ouest de la Chine continentale. Envisag\u00E9e comme une langue, c'est celle qui compte le plus grand nombre de locuteurs natifs dans le monde. Il s'\u00E9crit au moyen des sinogrammes et on le transcrit maintenant le plus souvent en pinyin, mais aussi en zhuyin (bopomofo)."@fr . "Mandarinera"@eu . . . "Sino-Tibetan"@en . . . . . . "\u516C\u5F0F\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5EA6\u5316\u3001\u5F37\u5316"@en . . "J\u0119zyki mandary\u0144skie \u2013 grupa j\u0119zyk\u00F3w, kt\u00F3rymi, wed\u0142ug sinolog\u00F3w chi\u0144skich, m\u00F3wi 70% populacji etnicznych Chi\u0144czyk\u00F3w. Najwa\u017Cniejszym jej przedstawicielem jest standardowy j\u0119zyk mandary\u0144ski (w ChRL nazywany \u666E\u901A\u8A71 p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0 \u201Epowszechny j\u0119zyk\u201D, natomiast na Tajwanie \u570B\u8A9E gu\u00F3y\u01D4 \u201Ej\u0119zyk narodowy\u201D), czyli standardowy m\u00F3wiony j\u0119zyk chi\u0144ski, wyniesiony do rangi j\u0119zyka pa\u0144stwowego Chin, cz\u0119sto po prostu nazywany j\u0119zykiem mandary\u0144skim. Pozosta\u0142e odmiany w tej grupie maj\u0105 charakter lokalny i, z drobnymi wyj\u0105tkami, nie u\u017Cywaj\u0105 pisma."@pl . . . . "Mandarin (traditionell kinesiska: \u666E\u901A\u8A71, f\u00F6renklad kinesiska: \u666E\u901A\u8BDD, pinyin: p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0, alternativt \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, bokstavligen \"nordliga dialekter\") \u00E4r en grupp kinesiska dialekter talade i st\u00F6rre delen av norra och sydv\u00E4stra Kina. Som med alla andra kinesiska dialekter r\u00E5der det stor oenighet om mandarin ska betraktas som ett spr\u00E5k eller en dialekt. Se kinesiska f\u00F6r mer ett utredande resonemang i denna fr\u00E5ga."@sv . "Mandarin (Sprache)"@de . . "Mandarin (traditionell kinesiska: \u666E\u901A\u8A71, f\u00F6renklad kinesiska: \u666E\u901A\u8BDD, pinyin: p\u01D4t\u014Dnghu\u00E0, alternativt \u5317\u65B9\u8BDD b\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0, bokstavligen \"nordliga dialekter\") \u00E4r en grupp kinesiska dialekter talade i st\u00F6rre delen av norra och sydv\u00E4stra Kina. Med mandarin menas vanligtvis standardkinesiska anv\u00E4nd i dagligt tal. Den lingvistiska definitionen av mandarin inkluderar d\u00E4remot ett stort antal sinsemellan ofta obegripliga dialekter men anv\u00E4nds s\u00E4llan av inf\u00F6dda talare f\u00F6r att beskriva sin spr\u00E5kidentitet. Ist\u00E4llet anv\u00E4nds namnet p\u00E5 den dialekt talaren anser sig tillh\u00F6ra (till exempel Sichuan-dialekt eller nord\u00F6stkinesiska) och enskilda talare \u00E4r inte alltid medvetna om den mycket bredare lingvistiska definitionen. Det kan inte s\u00E4gas finnas n\u00E5gon gemensam identitet som f\u00F6renar samtliga talare av mandarin-dialekter, \u00E4ven om k\u00E4nslan av regional identitet ofta \u00E4r mycket stark. Som med alla andra kinesiska dialekter r\u00E5der det stor oenighet om mandarin ska betraktas som ett spr\u00E5k eller en dialekt. Se kinesiska f\u00F6r mer ett utredande resonemang i denna fr\u00E5ga."@sv . . . . . . "\u570B\u8A9E"@en . . . . . "Mandarin area in China as of 1987, including Sichuanese, Lower Yangtze and Jin, which are arguably separate languages"@en . . . . "La nord\u0109ina dialektaro (a\u016D Mandarena lingvo, norm\u0109ine B\u011Bif\u0101nghu\u00E0 (\u5317\u65B9\u8BDD la\u016D simpligita skribo, \u5317\u65B9\u8A71 la\u016D tradicia skribo)) estas aro de dialektoj kutime grupitaj kiel unu lingvo de lingvosciencistoj; ili estas parolataj en la norda kaj sud-okcidenta \u0108inujo kaj al ili apartenas interalie la norma \u0109ina lingvo. Anka\u016D la dungana lingvo parolata \u0109efe en Kirgizujo apartenas al la nord\u0109ina dialektaro. Subgrupoj de la nordaj dialektoj estas la nord-orienta dialektaro (interalie parolata en Pekino) kaj la nord-okcidenta dialektaro."@eo . . . . "An Mhandair\u00EDnis"@ga . . . . . "\u6232\u8FF7[\u620F\u8FF7]\u3001\u7403\u8FF7\u3001\u6B4C\u8FF7"@en . .